| HS Code | 579985 |
| Product Name | Eco-B Non-Phenol VAM |
| Chemical Name | Vinyl Acetate Monomer |
| Cas Number | 108-05-4 |
| Molecular Formula | C4H6O2 |
| Appearance | Clear colorless liquid |
| Purity | ≥99.5% by weight |
| Boiling Point | 72.7 °C |
| Flash Point | -8 °C (closed cup) |
| Specific Gravity | 0.932 at 20 °C |
| Solubility In Water | Slightly soluble (20 g/L at 20 °C) |
As an accredited Eco-B Non-Phenol VAM factory, we enforce strict quality protocols—every batch undergoes rigorous testing to ensure consistent efficacy and safety standards.
| Packing | Eco-B Non-Phenol VAM is supplied in 25 kg sealed drums, ensuring safe handling, stability, and secure transport. |
| Container Loading (20′ FCL) | 20′ FCL container loading: Eco-B Non-Phenol VAM packed in drums, palletized, strapped, secured with dunnage to prevent shifting. |
| Shipping | Eco-B Non-Phenol VAM ships as a stable liquid in sealed drums or ISO tanks, protected from moisture and extreme temperatures. Use dedicated, clean equipment to prevent contamination. Ensure proper labeling, ventilation, and spill containment. Transport per local regulations for non-hazardous, eco-friendly chemical compounds. |
| Storage | Store Eco-B Non-Phenol VAM in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from direct sunlight, heat, and ignition sources. Keep containers tightly sealed when not in use. Avoid contact with incompatible materials, such as strong oxidizers. Ensure proper labeling and secondary containment to prevent spills. Follow local regulations for chemical storage. |
| Shelf Life | Shelf life is 12 months from date of manufacture when stored sealed in a cool, dry area away from direct sunlight. |
Low-colour VAM suitability is determined by the extent of chromophore formation during high-pressure continuous copolymerisation with ethylene. Eco-B Non-Phenol VAM is introduced into the primary compressor feed of an autoclave reactor operating at 1,800–2,200 bar and 150–250 °C, where free-radical initiation with a peroxide mixture controls molecular weight and long-chain branching. The resulting EVA copolymer contains 26–33 wt% vinyl acetate, a range that balances optical clarity, crosslinkability, and mechanical toughness in photovoltaic encapsulant films. Melt flow rate is checked per ISO 1133-1:2022, with a target of 5–25 g/10 min at 190 °C/2.16 kg. Slit-die cast film lines running at 8–15 m/min with a chill-roll temperature of 20–30 °C are used to produce film of 450–600 µm thickness. Because the non-phenolic stabiliser package leaves fewer aromatic residues, yellowness index after lamination is evaluated per ASTM E313-20 and maintained below 2.0 for glass-facing encapsulant layers. Peroxide crosslinking at lamination temperatures of 145–155 °C for 12–20 min is monitored through gel content per ASTM D2765-16; target gel fraction is 70–85%. Equipment-specific process limits include a melt temperature at the slot die not exceeding 90 °C to prevent premature scorch from the peroxide masterbatch. Long-term module performance is qualified under IEC 61215-1:2021 and UL 1703; damp-heat testing at 85 °C/85% RH for 1,000 h requires yellowness index change of less than 2.0. Published data for the exact non-phenol stabiliser package in EVA encapsulant film is limited, so industrial qualification runs should include a 20-day dark-anneal at 40 °C to detect latent chromophore development.
VAE copolymer emulsions for dry-mix mortar modification are produced by emulsion polymerisation of Eco-B Non-Phenol VAM with ethylene at 40–80 bar gauge pressure. A stainless-steel stirred pressure reactor with anchor impeller and baffles is charged with water, partially hydrolysed PVOH, and a persulfate-bisulfite redox initiator system. The ethylene mass uptake is controlled to give a copolymer glass transition temperature between -15 °C and +5 °C, a range that supports flexibility without excessive surface tack in tile adhesives. Final emulsion solids are typically 50–55 wt%, with Brookfield viscosity at 23 °C of 1,000–8,000 mPa·s and MFFT below 0 °C. Particle size distribution is monitored by laser diffraction per ISO 13320:2020; the D50 is held between 0.5 µm and 1.5 µm. Spray drying on a Niro-type dryer with inlet air at 150–180 °C and outlet air at 70–85 °C converts the emulsion into a redispersible polymer powder; the powder is blended into dry-mix tile adhesive at 2–5 wt% of total formulation. Mortar testing per EN 12004-2 and ISO 13007-1 evaluates adhesion after water immersion and heat ageing; low phenolic monomer residues assist in reducing VOC emissions during powder production and on-site mixing. The use level is governed by tensile adhesion strength after water immersion of at least 0.5 MPa for C2 tile adhesives. In self-leveling underlayments per ASTM C1708-19, flow diameter is measured with a 30 mm flow ring; polymer powder level of 3–6 wt% improves flexural strength without excessive retardation of calcium aluminate cement hydration. The operational boundary for dry blending is storage of the redispersible powder at relative humidity below 60% to prevent blocking. Because the monomer is protected by a non-phenolic inhibitor system, downstream odour in packaged mortars is lower than with conventional VAM grades; however, the formulator must verify that the stabiliser replacement does not alter redox initiation rates in low-temperature curing systems.
After continuous solution polymerisation in methanol at 60–65 °C, the PVAc solution derived from Eco-B Non-Phenol VAM is subjected to alkaline methanolysis using sodium methylate at 0.1–0.3 wt% of PVAc. Saponification on a belt reactor at 40–50 °C for 20–60 min yields partially hydrolysed grades with 87–89 mol% or fully hydrolysed grades with 98–99 mol% hydrolysis. The 4 wt% aqueous solution viscosity at 20 °C ranges from 3–70 mPa·s depending on molecular weight, measured per ISO 307. The non-phenolic stabiliser reduces odorous phenolic oxidation products that can otherwise remain in PVOH destined for water-soluble packaging films. PVB production follows by acetalisation of PVOH with n-butyraldehyde in the presence of hydrochloric acid; the degree of acetalisation is controlled to 70–80 mol%. Bulk-handling limitations include the hygroscopic nature of PVOH; pre-drying at 80–100 °C is required before extrusion when moisture content exceeds 0.5 wt%. Film grades are tested per ASTM D882-18 for tensile strength and ASTM D3354-15 for blocking load. Food-contact PVOH film is assessed under EU 10/2011 and FDA 21 CFR 177.1670. The key process limitation is that residual sodium acetate from methanolysis must be held below 2 wt% to prevent haze in optical PVB interlayers.Nonwoven binder formulations use a vinyl acetate-ethylene or vinyl acetate-acrylate copolymer dispersion produced with Eco-B Non-Phenol VAM. The binder is applied to airlaid or carded webs at dry add-on levels of 5–25 wt% of final fabric weight. Through-air drying at 130–170 °C for 20–90 s removes water and promotes film formation in the web; curing is influenced by the copolymer glass transition temperature, which is typically adjusted between 0 °C and 20 °C. Phenolic stabiliser residues can interfere with cure monitoring and contribute to yellowing on white cellulose webs under extended thermal exposure, so the non-phenol VAM input is evaluated as part of binder selection. Wet strength retention is measured per ASTM D5035-19 after immersion in deionised water for 1 h; dry tensile strength in the machine direction is reported in N/5 cm. The binder dispersion is applied through a kiss-roll or foam pad line, and the line speed is limited by the drying capacity of the through-air oven. For hygiene nonwovens, the formulation is screened for skin sensitisation per ISO 10993-10 when the product is intended for medical use. The lower phenolic background simplifies compliance with voluntary low-VOC labelling schemes but does not remove the need for residual monomer control below 0.1 wt%. Emulsion stability at high shear is checked with a Hegman gauge and a high-speed disperser at 3,000 rpm for 10 min; coagulation exceeding 0.05 wt% indicates a dispersion stability problem. VAM feed quality directly affects the rate of seed particle nucleation in the semi-continuous process, and batch-to-batch variation in induction period is monitored through exotherm onset time.
For paperboard barrier coatings, waterborne PVAc binders require a monomer source with minimal phenolic inhibitor carry-over. Eco-B Non-Phenol VAM is polymerised into a PVAc or VAc-alkyl acrylate binder at 35–50 wt% solids, with a viscosity window of 200–1,000 mPa·s for curtain or roll coating. The coating is applied at dry coat weights of 5–12 g/m² using a metering rod or air-knife coater and dried in hot air ovens at 90–120 °C. The absence of phenolic stabiliser residues is relevant because extraction testing under FDA 21 CFR 176.170 and 176.180 for paper and paperboard can detect polar phenolic species in aqueous food simulants. Hot tack and heat sealability are evaluated on a laboratory heat sealer at 140–180 °C, 0.5–1.0 s dwell time, and 2–4 bar jaw pressure. Water vapour transmission rate is measured per ASTM F1249-20 at 38 °C/90% RH; coated paperboard converted for dry food packaging typically requires a WVTR below 10 g/m²·day. The operational boundary for this application is that PVAc homopolymer coatings have limited water resistance; if hot-fill or moist food contact is required, the formulator must introduce crosslinking or an ethylene-modified copolymer. Aqueous extractables testing per EU 10/2011 requires overall migration below 10 mg/dm². The following compliance checklist summarises the principal test points during qualification.| Requirement | Scope | Test method / limit |
|---|---|---|
| FDA 21 CFR 176.170 | Components of paper and paperboard in contact with aqueous and fatty foods | Type-specific extraction per prescribed food simulants |
| FDA 21 CFR 176.180 | Components of paper and paperboard in dry food contact | Total extractives in chloroform-soluble fraction |
| EU 10/2011 | Plastic materials and articles intended to come into contact with food | Overall migration ≤ 10 mg/dm² |
| ASTM F1249-20 | Water vapour transmission rate of coated paperboard | 38 °C/90% RH, typical target ≤ 10 g/m²·day |
| ASTM F2029-16 | Heat sealability of flexible barrier packaging | Seal temperature 140–180 °C |
A two-component waterborne laminating adhesive is prepared by blending a PVAc-acrylic dispersion from Eco-B Non-Phenol VAM with a water-dispersible polyisocyanate crosslinker at 3–8 wt% of dispersion solids. The adhesive is applied to flexible packaging films at 2–5 g/m² dry coat weight using a gravure or smooth-roll applicator and dried at 60–90 °C before lamination nip temperatures of 60–80 °C. The non-phenol VAM input lowers the phenolic content that could otherwise participate in side reactions with isocyanate crosslinkers, improving pot life stability as measured by viscosity doubling time at 25 °C. Lamination bond strength is tested per ASTM F88-21 seal strength and ASTM D903-98 peel adhesion; a destructive T-peel value above 3 N/15 mm is typical for aluminium foil to PET laminates before retort. For food contact, the dried adhesive must conform to FDA 21 CFR 175.105. Pot life with polyisocyanate crosslinker is typically 4–8 h; exceeded pot life results in microgel formation and transfer roll fouling. The processing boundary is that pH of the dispersion must be maintained at 6.0–7.5 because isocyanate hydrolysis accelerates below 6.0 and ammonia volatilisation above 7.5 destabilises the dispersion. The formulation is limited to dry-food or short-time moist contact unless additional barrier layers are used. Because this is a waterborne system, drying capacity rather than adhesive performance often limits line speed; a 1.2 m wide laminator running at 150 m/min requires a dryer length determined by a 60–90 °C web surface temperature and 2.5–3.0 s residence time.
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Eco-B Non-Phenol VAM is a stabilized vinyl acetate monomer grade with CAS 108-05-4. The product designation refers to a non-phenol stabilizer package rather than a hydroquinone or 4-methoxyphenol package. It is supplied as a clear, colorless liquid for free-radical polymerization, copolymer synthesis, and downstream polymer modification. The stabilizer is typically present at 3–15 ppm, with the exact concentration stated on the certificate of analysis. The monomer is used in polyvinyl acetate homopolymer dispersions, vinyl acetate-ethylene emulsions, polyvinyl alcohol, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymers, and solvent-borne adhesive resins.
The release criteria and analytical methods used for batch certification are shown in Table 1.
| Property | Test method | Release criterion | Unit |
|---|---|---|---|
| Purity | ASTM D2190-07 | ≥ 99.9 | wt% |
| Water | ASTM D1364 | ≤ 0.05 | wt% |
| Acidity as acetic acid | ASTM D1613 | ≤ 0.005 | wt% |
| Color, Pt-Co | ASTM D1209 | ≤ 5 | — |
| Acetaldehyde | ASTM D2086 | ≤ 50 | ppm |
| Stabilizer content | Certificate of analysis, HPLC | 3–15 | ppm |
| Distillation range | ASTM D1078 | 71.5–73.0 | °C |
| Density at 20 °C | ASTM D4052 | 0.932 | g/cm³ |
Water content above 0.05 wt% is operationally significant because water hydrolyzes vinyl acetate monomer to acetic acid and acetaldehyde during extended storage. A higher acidity value indicates pre-existing hydrolysis. At 0.005 wt% as acetic acid, the monomer remains acceptable for many emulsion polymerizations, but lower acidity is preferred for polyvinyl alcohol production to reduce ash and color. The 50 ppm acetaldehyde ceiling is relevant for low-odor emulsion products because acetaldehyde contributes to sensory defects in coated paper and film applications.
Conventional vinyl acetate monomer grades are inhibited with hydroquinone or 4-methoxyphenol at 3–20 ppm. These phenolic inhibitors act as chain terminators, and their stabilizing effect is oxygen-dependent because the phenoxyl radical is regenerated from the quinone form in the presence of dissolved oxygen. This chemistry introduces aromatic hydroxyl residues into the monomer feed. During subsequent polymerization, phenolic residues can remain in the polymer matrix and may produce yellow color bodies during thermal ageing, ultraviolet exposure, or hot-melt processing. The Eco-B non-phenol package eliminates the phenolic aromatic ring from the stabilizer system, which is intended to reduce phenolic extractables in the finished polymer and lower the risk of color formation in white emulsion coatings and polyvinyl alcohol films.
From a polymerization-control standpoint, the non-phenol stabilizer does not behave identically to hydroquinone. In persulfate-initiated vinyl acetate emulsion polymerization at 60–80 °C, phenolic inhibitors generally produce an induction period proportional to inhibitor concentration. The Eco-B package may produce a shorter induction period or a different radical-consumption profile. Initiator feed rates and redox activator levels established for hydroquinone-stabilized vinyl acetate monomer cannot be transferred without evaluation. A bench-scale induction test in a 1 L jacketed glass reactor with a half-moon impeller at 200 rpm is recommended before production-scale changeover.
The absence of phenolic OH groups also changes the partition behavior of the inhibitor between the monomer phase and an aqueous polymerization phase. Hydroquinone and 4-methoxyphenol are slightly water-soluble; under emulsion conditions, a portion partitions into water and can delay radical generation in the aqueous phase. The non-phenol package is designed to remain predominantly in the monomer phase, but the exact partition coefficient is not published. Process developers should adjust seed latex charge and initiator addition timing accordingly.
Kinetic screening by differential scanning calorimetry following ISO 11357-1:2016 can be used to compare induction time and polymerization exotherm between inhibitor packages. A typical protocol uses 10 mg of monomer with 0.5 wt% azobisisobutyronitrile in a sealed pan under nitrogen. The observed onset temperature and peak exotherm are compared against hydroquinone-stabilized vinyl acetate monomer. Published data for this specific configuration is limited; internal bench data should be generated before changing grades.
In emulsion polymerization of vinyl acetate, the monomer is typically pre-emulsified with polyvinyl alcohol or surfactant under high-shear dispersion, then metered into a heated reactor containing seed latex. Typical feed profiles maintain monomer conversion above 85% before the final post-heat step to avoid free monomer accumulation. The non-phenol grade is suitable for both semibatch and continuous loop reactors. In continuous vinyl acetate-ethylene emulsion polymerization, the monomer is compressed and injected into the reactor at pressures required to maintain the desired ethylene content. The stabilizer package does not interfere with ethylene mass transfer. The resulting vinyl acetate-ethylene dispersions are used in packaging adhesives, carpet-backing compounds, construction adhesives, and paper laminating films.
Polyvinyl alcohol produced by hydrolysis of polyvinyl acetate made from Eco-B Non-Phenol VAM is characterized by lower color generation in the hydrolysis step because phenolic residues are absent. Hydrolysis is carried out in methanol or aqueous methanol with sodium hydroxide at 40–60 °C. Aldehyde content and color specifications of the vinyl acetate monomer feed affect the optical clarity of the final polyvinyl alcohol. Grades intended for optical film and biomedical film applications may require the non-phenol monomer to meet low extractable and low-color requirements.
In solvent-borne adhesives and hot-melt ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, the stabilizer type affects the clarity and heat stability of the finished resin. Eco-B Non-Phenol VAM is typically selected when hydroquinone-derived color bodies are not acceptable in the final article, such as transparent pressure-sensitive adhesives, bookbinding adhesives, or coating binders. Formulators should verify end-use compliance with FDA 21 CFR 175.105 for adhesives or FDA 21 CFR 176.170 for paper and paperboard coatings, because monomer choice does not by itself confer regulatory clearance.
Storage is the most process-critical phase for vinyl acetate monomer because exothermic radical polymerization can occur if the inhibitor is depleted. Eco-B Non-Phenol VAM should be stored in a closed, vented tank under an oxygen-containing atmosphere. The flash point is -8 °C; vapor forms flammable mixtures in air between 2.6 vol% and 13.4 vol%, with an autoignition temperature of approximately 402 °C. Storage vessels must be grounded, equipped with flame arrestors, and blanketed with an air/nitrogen mixture that maintains adequate oxygen for inhibitor regeneration. Pure nitrogen blanketing should be avoided unless the certificate of analysis explicitly permits oxygen-free storage. Published stability data for this specific non-phenol inhibitor under pure nitrogen is limited.
Temperature should be maintained below 25 °C for prolonged storage. Short-term transit at 30 °C is generally acceptable, but inhibitor consumption accelerates at higher temperatures. The storage tank should be protected from direct sunlight and heat sources. A monthly stability check is recommended: withdraw a sample under dry air, measure color by ASTM D1209, acidity by ASTM D1613, and inhibitor concentration by high-performance liquid chromatography or the method stated on the certificate of analysis. An increase in acidity above 0.01 wt% or a decrease in inhibitor concentration below the lower release limit indicates that the remaining shelf life should be reassessed.
Moisture above the 0.05 wt% limit promotes hydrolysis and generates acetic acid, which can accelerate corrosion and further hydrolysis. Bulk storage in 316L stainless steel or passivated carbon steel is standard. Copper, brass, and zinc-containing alloys are avoided in vinyl acetate monomer service due to contamination risk and potential color formation. Vent lines should be steam-traced or insulated to avoid condensation; liquid vinyl acetate monomer in vent lines can polymerize if inhibited monomer evaporates and condenses without stabilizer.
In vinyl acetate emulsion polymerization, the pH of the aqueous phase is usually controlled with sodium acetate/acetic acid buffers. If the pH exceeds 7 before the monomer is fully polymerized, hydrolysis of vinyl acetate monomer generates acetic acid and acetaldehyde, reducing conversion and shifting the particle size distribution. The non-phenol inhibitor does not prevent this hydrolysis because the ester group is already present in the monomer. Buffer addition should therefore be staged to avoid alkaline shock in the pre-emulsion.
Metal residues from reactor surfaces, catalyst residues, or hard-water salts can destabilize emulsion polymerization or deactivate sensitive redox components. Ferrous ions can participate in Fenton-type radical side reactions, while cupric ions can complex with surfactants and alter emulsion stability. Deionized water is typical. Published data for this specific non-phenol inhibitor interacting with metal salts above 50 ppm is limited. A chelator may be required in the aqueous phase when iron content exceeds 1 ppm. This is an operational boundary, not a product performance claim.
Changeover from hydroquinone-inhibited vinyl acetate monomer to Eco-B in an existing production line should include a line-cleaning procedure. Residual phenolic inhibitor films in piping, pumps, and heat exchangers can contaminate the non-phenol grade and reintroduce phenol-derived color bodies. A flush with a sacrificial portion of Eco-B Non-Phenol VAM, followed by verification of the stabilizer profile by high-performance liquid chromatography, is recommended before committing the tank to Eco-B service.
| Area | Standard or code | Relevant classification or clause |
|---|---|---|
| Hazard classification | EU CLP Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 | Flam. Liq. 2; Acute Tox. 4; Carc. 2; STOT SE 3 |
| Flammable storage | NFPA 30 | Class IB flammable liquid |
| Explosion limits | NFPA 325 | 2.6–13.4 vol% |
| Food-contact adhesives | FDA 21 CFR 175.105 | Adhesive formulation subject to migration limits |
| Paper and paperboard coatings | FDA 21 CFR 176.170 and 21 CFR 176.180 | Extraction testing and end-use limits apply |
| EU registration | REACH Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 | Registered monomer; safety data sheet contains exposure scenarios |
Eco-B Non-Phenol VAM is supplied with a safety data sheet that includes exposure scenarios under REACH. Local exhaust ventilation is required for drum and tank transfers. Personal protective equipment, including chemical splash goggles and butyl rubber or Viton gloves, should be selected based on the safety data sheet and EN 374 test data. The monomer has a sweet-ester odor, but odor threshold is not a reliable exposure indicator.
In ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer compounding, the non-phenol grade is selected when the resin is processed on twin-screw extruders with L/D ratios above 32:1 and melt temperatures above 180 °C. Residual phenolic stabilizer fragments can contribute to plate-out on vent ports and die lips, while non-phenol residues are less prone to thermally induced condensation products. Published quantitative data for this specific product is limited; validation on the production extruder is required. The monomer itself is not a compound; final polymer properties are determined by reactor conditions, comonomer ratio, molecular weight control, and additive package.
