| HS Code | 390269 |
| Property 1 | Chemical name: Vinyl acetate (ethenyl acetate) |
| Property 2 | CAS number: 108-05-4 |
| Property 3 | Molecular formula: C4H6O2 |
| Property 4 | Molecular weight: 86.09 g/mol |
| Property 5 | Appearance: Clear, colorless liquid |
| Property 6 | Purity: ≥99.9% vinyl acetate |
| Property 7 | Inhibitor: Hydroquinone, 12-15 ppm |
| Property 8 | Boiling point: 72.7°C (162.9°F) |
| Property 9 | Freezing/melting point: -93°C (-135.4°F) |
| Property 10 | Flash point: -8°C (17.6°F) closed cup |
| Property 11 | Specific gravity: 0.932 at 20°C (water=1) |
| Property 12 | Vapor density: 2.97 (air=1) |
| Property 13 | Vapor pressure: 115 mmHg at 20°C |
| Property 14 | Solubility: Slightly soluble in water (2.5% at 20°C); soluble in most organic solvents |
| Property 15 | Autoignition temperature: 427°C (800°F) |
| Property 16 | Refractive index: 1.395 at 20°C |
As an accredited Celanese Vinyl Acetate HQ 12-15 factory, we enforce strict quality protocols—every batch undergoes rigorous testing to ensure consistent efficacy and safety standards.
| Packing | Celanese Vinyl Acetate HQ 12-15 is packaged in 190 kg drums, 1,000 kg IBC totes, and bulk tankers. |
| Container Loading (20′ FCL) | Load 20′ FCL with Celanese Vinyl Acetate HQ 12-15 in sealed drums, properly braced, grounded, and ventilated away from ignition sources. |
| Shipping | Celanese Vinyl Acetate HQ 12-15 ships as a flammable liquid (UN 1301, Class 3) in properly labeled drums, ISO tanks, or railcars. Use stainless steel or coated equipment, avoid ignition sources, ensure grounding, and follow hazmat regulations limiting fill ratios and requiring ventilation. Keep away from heat and incompatibles. |
| Storage | Store in tightly sealed, approved containers under a nitrogen blanketing atmosphere to prevent polymerization. Keep in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from direct sunlight, heat, sparks, and strong oxidizers. Maintain temperatures below 30°C (86°F) and ensure inhibitor (hydroquinone) levels are monitored. Use grounded equipment and follow all local regulations to avoid hazards. |
| Shelf Life | Shelf life is 12 months from manufacture when stored properly, sealed, and inhibited with HQ under recommended conditions. |
In free-radical emulsion polymerization of Celanese Vinyl Acetate HQ 12-15, the hydroquinone stabilizer present at 12–15 ppm is not removed prior to polymerization; instead, the redox initiation system is adjusted to consume the inhibitor during a defined induction period. At 12–15 ppm w/w, hydroquinone concentration equals 109–136 µmol/kg of monomer. The inhibitor scavenges up to two radical equivalents per molecule, so a 55 ± 1% solids poly(vinyl acetate) batch initiated with potassium persulfate at 0.25–0.50 wt% on VAM and sodium metabisulfite at 0.10–0.20 wt% on VAM exhibits a measurable delay before the exotherm begins. In jacketed glass-lined stainless steel reactors with cooling capacity of 1,000–1,500 W/K per tonne of reaction mass, the semi-batch monomer feed is held over 3–4 h while the jacket inlet temperature is maintained at 70–75 °C. If the initial surfactant charge is too low, the particle size distribution broadens from a target 500–1,800 nm to more than 2,500 nm after the induction period; agitator tip speed is kept at 3–5 m/s to prevent shear-induced coagulation. Residual vinyl acetate after post-reaction with tert-butyl hydroperoxide and sodium metabisulfite is reduced to <0.1 wt% when measured by gas chromatography; viscosity is controlled between 4,000–15,000 mPa·s with cellulosic or poly(vinyl alcohol) protective colloid according to ISO 2555:2018, and non-volatile content is confirmed by ISO 3251:2019.
The resulting homopolymer emulsion is processed into D3 and D4 woodworking adhesives, architectural matt paints, and paper-lamination adhesives. Wood bond strength is evaluated according to ASTM D2197-16 after conditioning at 23 ± 2 °C and 50 ± 5% relative humidity for 7 days; D4-grade adhesives require additional dry/wet cyclic testing under EN 204:2016 classifications. In filled interior paints, the PVAc dispersion is compounded at 10–25% binder solids with calcium carbonate extender, and low-temperature coalescence is adjusted with ester alcohol at 2–5% on binder solids. The HQ inhibitor concentration in the raw monomer does not carry through as residual hydroquinone in the final film; liquid chromatography with UV detection shows no quantifiable hydroquinone above 1 mg/kg in the neutralized dispersion.
Continuous belt saponification units receiving PVAc made from HQ-inhibited VAM encounter colour-body formation rather than a first-order rate restriction. The methanolic PVAc solution is prepared at 25–40 wt% polymer and dosed with sodium hydroxide at a NaOH-to-acetate molar ratio of 0.010–0.050; reaction temperature is held at 30–45 °C to limit gel formation. Degree of hydrolysis is set by catalyst ratio and residence time, with partially hydrolysed grades targeting 86.5–89.0 mol% and fully hydrolysed grades targeting 98.0–99.5 mol%. Residual hydroquinone-derived quinones are removed by activated carbon or by hydrogen peroxide addition at 0.05–0.20 wt% on polymer; otherwise yellowness index measured according to ASTM E313-20 exceeds 6. Hydroxyl value and residual acetyl content are quantified by ISO 4629-1:2020 and ISO 15023-2:2019. Methanol recovery requires an ion-exchange step to keep sulfate and acetate salts below 10 mg/kg in the recycled solvent; gel particles larger than 1 mm are removed through a 100 µm mesh before film casting.
For textile warp sizing, the PVOH is dissolved at 90–95 °C to an 8–12% solution, and size pickup on polyester/cotton warp is maintained at 10–14% dry add-on to minimize shedding during weaving. Film-grade PVOH with 99 mol% hydrolysis is evaluated for dissolution temperature above 80 °C; oxygen transmission values are set by the converter and depend on plasticizer type and relative humidity. Water-soluble packaging film made from the same resin is tested for seam strength and seal integrity in cold-water dissolution conditions.
In high-pressure tubular and autoclave reactors, VAM and ethylene are converted at 1,400–2,800 bar and 160–280 °C. The VAM feed containing 12–15 ppm hydroquinone adds a measurable radical-scavenging load to the peroxide initiation package; in a tubular reactor with L/D 60:1 and 12–16 peroxide injection zones, the inhibitor is compensated by trimming di-tert-butyl peroxide and tert-butyl peroxyacetate injection rates. Published kinetic data for this specific VAM grade in a commercial autoclave configuration is limited, so pilot-scale initiator mapping is used to establish the feed profile. The resulting EVA contains 4–40 wt% vinyl acetate; melt flow rate at 190 °C and 2.16 kg spans 0.3–800 g/10 min according to ISO 1133-1:2022 or ASTM D1238-20. For photovoltaic encapsulant film, the EVA is compounded with silane coupling agent, peroxide crosslinker, and UV stabilizer, then extruded as 0.45–0.65 mm sheet; lamination at 145–155 °C and 8–12 min yields gel content above 70% and glass adhesion meeting IEC 61215-1:2021. Hot-melt adhesives use VA contents of 18–28 wt% with tackifier and wax; melt viscosity drops sharply above 180 °C, requiring nitrogen blanketing of the applicator reservoir.
| Segment | Vinyl acetate content | Melt flow rate | Test method | Processing constraint |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hot-melt adhesive | 18–28 wt% | 3–800 g/10 min | ASTM D1238-20 | Melt viscosity drops sharply above 180 °C; nitrogen blanket required at 150–180 °C |
| Photovoltaic encapsulant | 28–33 wt% | 15–40 g/10 min | ISO 1133-1:2022 | Gel content after lamination must exceed 70% |
| Extrusion film | 4–18 wt% | 0.3–3 g/10 min | ASTM D1238-20 | Draw resonance risk below 150 °C die temperature |
Redispersible polymer powders for cementitious tile adhesives and self-levelling underlayments are manufactured by spray-drying vinyl acetate–ethylene emulsions containing 70–95 wt% VAM and 5–30 wt% ethylene. The latex is protected with poly(vinyl alcohol) or cellulosic colloid; spray-drying inlet air is maintained at 120–160 °C, outlet air at 55–80 °C, and chamber solids are discharged at 98–99% dry matter. Kaolin or calcium carbonate anti-caking agent is metered at 5–15% of powder mass. In a C2 tile adhesive formulation, redispersible powder addition of 1.5–4.0 wt% on dry mix is used; adhesion after water immersion, heat ageing, and freeze–thaw cycling is tested under EN 12004-1:2017. The same powder is used in external thermal insulation composite system base coats at 2.0–3.5 wt% of dry mix, where water absorption coefficient determined by EN 1015-18:2002 must remain below 0.5 kg/m²·h⁰·⁵ after 24 h. Residual hydroquinone from the VAM feed is not detectable in the final powder by high-performance liquid chromatography above 1 mg/kg; formaldehyde content is controlled below 5 ppm for indoor air quality submissions.
Vinyl acetate–butyl acrylate–methacrylic acid terpolymer dispersions used in high-scrub interior paints are sensitive to acid-catalysed ester hydrolysis when the latex is formulated below pH 4.5. The HQ stabilizer in the monomer feed does not directly buffer the final latex; ammonia or sodium hydroxide is added during let-down to hold pH 4.8–5.5. In accelerated storage tests at 50 °C for 28 days, formulations outside this pH window show viscosity drift and measurable free acetic acid increase, although published data for this specific VAM grade is limited. Wet scrub resistance is evaluated according to ISO 11998:2006 and ASTM D2486-17; film elongation at break above 400% is confirmed by ISO 527-1:2019 for a binder with 20–35 wt% VAM and 55–70 wt% butyl acrylate. Seed latex particle size is maintained at 90–150 nm by controlling anionic surfactant feed during pre-emulsion addition; final latex viscosity is adjusted to 200–1,000 mPa·s with associative thickener and checked by ISO 2555:2018.
In acrylic caulk and sealant applications, the same polymer class is compounded with rheology modifiers and mineral fillers; gun-caulking flow is measured by extrusion rheometry, and adhesion to mortar is assessed after 7-day water immersion. The pH window requirement remains critical because free acetic acid in a sealed cartridge accelerates loss of adhesion to cementitious substrates.
During suspension polymerization at 50–70 °C, vinyl chloride–vinyl acetate copolymers for flooring, records, and inks are produced; the VAM fraction is typically 10–15 wt%. The HQ 12–15 ppm inhibitor in the vinyl acetate feed lowers the initial polymerization rate slightly and is consumed during the early hours of the batch. Molecular weight is controlled by chain-transfer agent addition to a K-value between 45–65 measured according to ISO 1628-2:2020. Plastisol-grade material must absorb dioctyl terephthalate or diisononyl phthalate at 25–45 phr without oiling-out; plasticizer absorption is assessed by dry-blend time in a planetary mixer. For vinyl floor tile, the filled resin is calendered at 150–170 °C; residual vinyl acetate monomer in the final article is maintained below 5 mg/kg for indoor VOC compliance under REACH Annex XVII and relevant national emission criteria. For printing inks, the copolymer is dissolved in ethyl acetate or methyl ethyl ketone at 15–25% solids; solution viscosity is checked by ISO 2555:2018 or falling-ball methods.
In isopropanol solution polymerization, vinyl acetate–crotonic acid copolymers are prepared with acid values between 55–75 mg KOH/g and are neutralized with aminomethyl propanol for aerosol hair-fixative resins. The acetate backbone imparts film hardness while crotonic acid provides ethanol solubility; final resin solution viscosity at 25 °C is maintained at 100–300 mPa·s per ISO 2555:2018. Residual monomer is stripped to below 50 mg/kg; high-humidity curl retention is evaluated under protocols aligned with cosmetic good manufacturing practice. The same copolymer class enters peelable coatings and passivation films where acid functionality improves alkali strippability. The HQ stabilizer in the VAM feed is consumed during polymerization; no hydroquinone is detected in the neutralized resin above 1 mg/kg by liquid chromatography with UV detection.
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Celanese Vinyl Acetate HQ 12-15 is an aqueous poly(vinyl acetate) dispersion classified as a vinyl acetate homopolymer emulsion. The model designation places it within the high-solids, colloid-stabilized segment used for paper lamination, packaging adhesives, and bonding of polar cellulosic substrates. Published data for this specific configuration is limited; therefore, formulation parameters and application settings must be verified against the incoming batch certificate of analysis and the manufacturer’s current technical data sheet for the HQ 12-15 code. The numerical suffix 12-15 is treated as an internal viscosity interval or production-lot designator, not as an indicator of ethylene or acrylic comonomer content. Because the dispersion is a homopolymer, its film mechanical behavior, water sensitivity, and thermal response differ measurably from vinyl acetate ethylene copolymer and acrylic dispersion grades.
Vinyl acetate homopolymer emulsions of this class are generally stabilized with protective colloids and supplied at slightly acidic pH. The dispersed phase consists of poly(vinyl acetate) particles in water, with residual vinyl acetate monomer controlled below regulatory thresholds. Application performance is governed by solids content, viscosity, minimum film-forming temperature, particle-size distribution, and residual monomer concentration. These parameters are evaluated under standard test methods before a material is released for compounding or direct coating.
Because the manufacturer’s exact published data for this specific configuration is limited, the following values are representative of the stabilized vinyl acetate homopolymer emulsion class and require verification against the lot certificate of analysis. Brookfield viscosity is normally determined at 25 °C using a Brookfield RVT viscometer at 20 rpm with the spindle specified in the test record. The viscosity interval 1 200–1 500 mPa·s reflects the grade code range but should not be considered a formal specification unless stated on the batch release document.
| Property | Representative range for the stabilized homopolymer class | Test method |
|---|---|---|
| Solids content | 54.0%–56.0% | ISO 3251 |
| pH at 25 °C | 4.0–5.5 | ISO 976 |
| Brookfield viscosity at 25 °C, 20 rpm | 1 200–1 500 mPa·s | ISO 2555 / ASTM D2196 |
| Density at 20 °C | 1.08–1.10 g/cm³ | ISO 2811-1 |
| Minimum film-forming temperature | 16 °C–22 °C | ISO 2115 |
| Residual vinyl acetate monomer | < 0.1% | ISO 13741-1 |
Particle-size distribution for this emulsion class is commonly bimodal when measured by laser diffraction under ISO 13320. Median particle diameter typically lies between 0.8 µm and 1.4 µm, although narrow or broad distributions are possible depending on the protective-colloid system and polymerization process. High solids and medium viscosity permit transfer by diaphragm or progressing cavity pumps; prolonged exposure to high-shear centrifugal pumps can increase foam and reduce effective wet tack on high-speed laminators. Before coating, the dispersion should be conditioned at 20 °C to 25 °C. Storage below 5 °C risks freeze-thaw instability, which can produce grit and phase separation. Freeze-thaw resistance is not a guaranteed property of this material class and should be evaluated under ASTM D7149 if low-temperature logistics are required.
Paper-to-paper lamination with vinyl acetate homopolymer dispersions of the HQ 12-15 class requires controlled wet coat weight and nip pressure. Wet coat weights between 35 g/m² and 80 g/m² are typical for clay-coated board and printed paper when applied by roller coater. Nip pressures in the range of 2 bar to 4 bar are commonly used to promote contact without excessive strike-in. Open time is measured by ASTM D7488, and set speed is assessed by ASTM D4497. High-shear stability can be compared using ASTM D5147; viscosity loss during pumping should remain below 10% of the initial Brookfield reading to avoid inconsistent transfer at the coating head. Bonded test specimens are conditioned for a minimum 24 h at 23 ± 2 °C and 50 ± 5% RH following ASTM D618 before peel or shear testing.
For packaging adhesive formulations, bond strength on clay-coated board can be evaluated by ASTM D903 peel at 180°. When formulated without plasticizer, the dried film exhibits relatively high cohesive strength and limited elongation. This behavior is appropriate for rigid paper bonds but is less suitable for flexible film lamination where large substrate movement is expected. Addition of plasticizer at 5% to 10% by weight of polymer solids lowers film formation temperature and increases flexibility; plasticizer migration can be measured by ASTM D1203. Formulators should verify that plasticizer addition does not reduce adhesion below the target value after 7 days of ambient aging.
Substitution of a vinyl acetate homopolymer into a formulation originally designed for a vinyl acetate ethylene copolymer or an acrylic dispersion changes the film mechanical profile, water response, and coalescing demand. The differences in Table 2 reflect published emulsion-platform data for the homopolymer class rather than a direct experimental comparison of the HQ 12-15 grade. Direct substitution trials should therefore include a constrained factorial design with at least 3 application replicates and mechanical testing after 24 h and 7 days of conditioning.
| Characteristic | HQ 12-15 class homopolymer | Vinyl acetate ethylene copolymer | Acrylic dispersion | Test method |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Elongation at break | 5%–15% | 300%–600% | 200%–500% | ISO 527-3 |
| Tensile strength | 10–30 MPa | 2–10 MPa | 5–20 MPa | ISO 527-3 |
| Water resistance after 24 h immersion | moderate whitening | moderate to good | good to high | ISO 2812-2 |
| Adhesion to clay-coated board | high | high | moderate to high | ASTM D903 |
| Plasticizer demand | moderate | low | low | comparative formulation data |
| Hydrolytic stability | limited under alkaline pH | moderate | high | ISO 2812-2 after alkaline aging |
The homopolymer’s higher modulus and lower elongation arise from the absence of ethylene segments in the polymer backbone. Under ISO 527-3, a homopolymer film may show tensile strength from 10 MPa to 30 MPa with elongation at break below 15%. Vinyl acetate ethylene copolymers of equivalent solids can exceed 300% elongation, making them preferable where film flexibility is required. Acrylic dispersions occupy an intermediate to high elongation range and generally provide better hydrolytic stability and ultraviolet resistance. For paper and wood bonding on rigid polar substrates, the homopolymer’s higher tensile stiffness can contribute to improved dry bond strength, provided the application does not require repeated flexing or immersion.
Film formation occurs when the substrate temperature exceeds the minimum film-forming temperature. Below 16 °C to 22 °C, coalescing solvent addition may be required. Common coalescing agents depress film formation temperature when added at 3% to 7% by weight of binder solids; the optimal level is determined by measuring minimum film-forming temperature under ISO 2115. Without adequate coalescence, film clarity and adhesion drop, and the dried adhesive film develops discrete particle boundaries that reduce cohesive strength. This factor is particularly relevant in unheated winter lamination operations or when stock is stored below ambient temperature before bonding.
The dispersion remains processable only within a defined pH window. Vinyl acetate homopolymer emulsions are susceptible to alkaline hydrolysis, which releases acetic acid and gradually destabilizes the dispersion. The pH should be maintained between 4.0 and 5.5 using ISO 976 as the control method. Amine-based neutralizing agents, including ammonia, should not be used to raise pH above 5.5 if the formulated adhesive is held for more than 24 h before application. Prolonged exposure above this limit can increase residual acetic acid and shift viscosity. When alkaline pH adjustment is unavoidable, small additions should be made with continuous agitation and immediate verification of pH, Brookfield viscosity, and grit retention.
Multivalent cations such as calcium, aluminum, and iron can coagulate anionic-stabilized vinyl acetate emulsions. Dilution water should have conductivity below 250 µS/cm, and process water quality should be monitored according to ISO 3696 or the site’s equivalent water specification. Contact with unlined steel, aluminum, or zinc containers is not recommended because acetic acid liberated during hydrolysis can corrode metal surfaces and introduce destabilizing ions. Stainless steel or lined carbon steel storage tanks are preferred. Before batch transfer, lines should be flushed with deionized water to prevent incompatible residues from initiating coagulation screens or filter blockage.
Mechanical shear stability of the HQ 12-15 class depends on the protective colloid system and temperature. High-shear mixing in sawtooth dispersers or rotor-stator mixers should be limited to the minimum time required for pigment or filler incorporation. Shear stability can be evaluated by ASTM D5147; excessive shear produces irreversible viscosity loss and may reduce wet tack on high-speed packaging lines. In production-scale lamination, the use of diaphragm pumps with 1:1 to 3:1 ratio is preferable to high-pressure piston pumps because lower recirculation shear preserves the emulsion particle structure. Foam generation is controlled with defoamer, but silicone-containing defoamer levels above 0.5% of formulation weight can reduce adhesion to clay-coated stock. Defoamer suitability is assessed by measuring surface defects and bond strength after 24 h.
Regulatory compliance for adhesives based on this dispersion class is typically assessed under FDA 21 CFR 175.105 for food-contact adhesives. Paper coating applications may be evaluated under FDA 21 CFR 176.170 or FDA 21 CFR 176.180, depending on the intended contact food type and extraction conditions. REACH registration obligations apply to the imported monomer and polymer components; the polymer itself may be exempt from registration, but residual monomer and intentional additives remain subject to applicable exposure and authorization controls. RoHS restrictions on heavy metals are typically not a limiting factor for this polymer type, but raw material documentation must confirm that cadmium, lead, mercury, and hexavalent chromium are below the maximum concentration values in EU 2015/863 when the finished article falls within scope.
Storage of unopened containers should be maintained at 5 °C to 35 °C. Shelf life is commonly stated as 6 months when the material is kept in sealed, original packaging and protected from freezing. Containers should be agitated briefly before sampling because settling and skin formation can occur during extended storage. If surface skin is observed, it should be removed before use rather than dispersed into the bulk material. Filtration through a 100 µm screen is recommended before application to remove coarse particles or dried emulsion fragments. These operational limits prevent avoidable failures in roll-coating, knife-over-roll, and extrusion-lamination processes where contamination and viscosity drift are the principal processing risks.
