| HS Code | 477353 |
| Grade | Standard Industrial Grade |
| Chemical Name | Vinyl Acetate Monomer |
| Cas Number | 108-05-4 |
| Molecular Formula | C4H6O2 |
| Molecular Weight | 86.09 g/mol |
| Appearance | Colorless liquid |
| Purity | ≥99.9% |
| Boiling Point | 72.7 °C |
| Melting Point | -93.5 °C |
| Flash Point | -8 °C (closed cup) |
As an accredited DCC VAM Standard Industrial Grade factory, we enforce strict quality protocols—every batch undergoes rigorous testing to ensure consistent efficacy and safety standards.
| Packing | Packaged in 200 L steel drums, net weight 180 kg, with nitrogen blanketing and sealed lids to maintain industrial-grade purity. |
| Container Loading (20′ FCL) | 20′ FCL: DCC VAM industrial grade packed in sealed drums, palletized, secured, labeled, and ventilated for safe transport. |
| Shipping | DCC VAM Standard Industrial Grade is shipped in sealed, corrosion-resistant drums or tank containers with proper hazard labeling and documentation. Transport requires protection from ignition sources, moisture, and incompatible materials. Handling personnel use appropriate PPE. All shipments comply with DOT/IMDG/ADR regulations, including segregation, ventilation, and emergency response information. |
| Storage | Store DCC VAM Standard Industrial Grade in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from heat, open flames, direct sunlight, and incompatible substances. Keep the container tightly sealed when not in use to prevent moisture ingress and contamination. Avoid excessive temperatures, use approved containers, inspect regularly for leaks, and always follow the manufacturer’s SDS for specific storage requirements. |
| Shelf Life | Shelf life is typically 12 months from manufacture when stored sealed in a cool, dry area. |
In semi-batch synthesis of polyvinyl acetate homopolymer emulsions for D3/D4 wood-laminating adhesives, DCC VAM Standard Industrial Grade is charged as the dominant monomer at 85–95 wt% of total monomer feed, with the balance comprising dibutyl maleate or butyl acrylate as internal plasticizer and a functional acid monomer such as acrylic acid at 0.5–1.5 wt% to enhance colloidal stability and adhesion to polar wood surfaces. The production process on commercial 10–15 m³ glass-lined or stainless steel reactors typically uses delayed monomer feed over 3–5 h, partially hydrolysed polyvinyl alcohol protective colloid at 2–6 wt% based on total monomer, and a redox initiation system—commonly hydrogen peroxide/tartaric acid or sodium persulfate/sodium metabisulfite—held within 60–80 °C jacket temperature. Batch-to-batch viscosity drift and coagulum formation are most frequently traced to pre-emulsion instability when fresh and recovered VAM streams are not monitored for inhibitor carryover; hydroquinone-derived quinone compounds can extend induction time and require an additional initiator spike of 0.02–0.05 wt% to restore reaction-rate profiles. Residual VAM is reduced by steam stripping or post-polymerization addition of persulfate to below 0.1 wt% in the finished dispersion. Industry compliance for this segment includes EN 204:2016 durability classes D3 and D4 for thermoplastic wood adhesives, FDA 21 CFR 175.105 for indirect food-contact adhesives used in carton side-seam and packaging operations, and GB 18583-2008 where formaldehyde-free PVAc adhesives are specified for interior fitting assembly. Terminal finished product types include PVAc white wood glues, furniture assembly adhesives, paper tube and core adhesives, bookbinding adhesives, and carton side-seam adhesives; these systems are generally limited to interior or protected service because the homopolymer glass transition temperature near 28–33 °C and moisture sensitivity reduce load-bearing performance under direct water exposure.
Methanol-based solution polymerization of DCC VAM Standard Industrial Grade to polyvinyl alcohol proceeds through a two-stage sequence: first, VAM constitutes more than 99.5 wt% of the polymerizable monomer mass and is polymerized in methanol at 60–70 °C using an azo or peroxide initiator, with final polyvinyl acetate concentration typically 30–60 wt% in the mother liquor; VAM feed purity and low acetaldehyde and water content are critical because chain transfer to acetaldehyde depresses molecular weight and broadens the degree-of-polymerization distribution. In the second stage, the PVAc solution undergoes continuous alcoholysis in a kneader or belt saponifier with sodium hydroxide dissolved in methanol; the alkali-to-acetyl molar ratio is controlled between 0.02–0.08 mol NaOH per mol acetyl unit depending on target hydrolysis degree from 87–99.9 mol%. Residual methyl acetate and methanol are recovered and rectified before VAM recycle. Production-scale bottlenecks include gel formation in the saponifier when local alkali concentration exceeds 0.8–1.2 wt%, and resin yellowness when VAM contains unacceptable acetaldehyde or acidic impurities. Industry compliance references include FDA 21 CFR 177.1670 for polyvinyl alcohol films in food packaging and USP-NF monographs for pharmaceutical-grade PVOH where appropriate. Terminal finished product types include PVOH resin grades for textile warp sizing, paper surface sizing, emulsion polymerization protective colloids, water-soluble films, and polyvinyl butyral intermediates after condensation with butyraldehyde.
This polymerization route operates with DCC VAM Standard Industrial Grade as the major monomer at 70–85 wt% of total monomer mass, copolymerized with ethylene at 8–20 wt% and up to 2–5 wt% functional comonomers at reactor pressures of 20–85 bar and temperatures of 70–95 °C; the ethylene mass fraction lowers the copolymer glass transition temperature and provides plasticization without conventional coalescing solvents. In commercial-scale pressure reactors, monomer is fed gradually while ethylene is metered to maintain headspace pressure, using a thermally activated persulfate or redox initiator and a mixed polyvinyl alcohol/nonionic surfactant package; vinyl acetate conversion is usually driven to more than 99.5% before residual ethylene is vented and the dispersion is stripped to below 0.05 wt% residual VAM. Process conflicts arise when the reactor agitator cannot maintain sufficient gas-liquid mass transfer at high ethylene pressure; this manifests as off-target polymer composition, particle-size broadening above 1.5 µm, and coagulum deposition on baffles and thermowells. Compliance for low-VOC architectural formulations includes SCAQMD Rule 1113 for architectural coatings VOC content, EU Directive 2004/42/EC Decopaint limits, and GB 18582-2020 limits for interior wall paints; many VAE-based paints are also evaluated for scrub resistance by ASTM D2486-17 and for freeze-thaw stability by ASTM D2243-14. Terminal finished product types include flat and satin interior wall paints, ceiling paints, carpet backing binders, nonwoven wipes binders, and construction mastics; since VAE dispersions have minimum film-forming temperatures near 0–5 °C, they enable low- or zero-VOC coalescing formulations but require rheology modification to prevent roller spatter and sagging.
High-pressure autoclave copolymerization of ethylene with vinyl acetate for photovoltaic encapsulant resin uses DCC VAM Standard Industrial Grade at a copolymer vinyl acetate content of 28–33 wt%, melt index 5–30 g/10 min at 190 °C/2.16 kg per ISO 1133-1:2022, and controlled crystallinity below 30% to achieve low-modulus optical clarity. The process is run in a continuous stirred autoclave or tubular reactor at 1,400–2,200 bar and 150–300 °C; unreacted VAM and ethylene are separated in high- and low-pressure separators, and the polymer strand is pelletized after melt pumping through a die plate. Operational boundaries are significant: excessive VAM in the feed raises reactor density and can reduce ethylene conversion, while residual hydroquinone inhibitor at 3–5 ppm consumes free-radical initiator; the necessary initiator adjustment is determined by bench-scale half-life testing against the specific autoclave residence-time distribution rather than fixed plant rules. Downstream compounding into encapsulant film requires blending with silane coupling agents, ultraviolet stabilizers, and crosslinking peroxides before cast-film extrusion; the film is typically laminated between glass and photovoltaic cells and cured to a gel content above 80% after lamination. Terminal finished product types include photovoltaic encapsulant films, multilayer safety-glass interlayers for noncritical laminates, hot-melt adhesive granules, and crosslinked foam midsoles; published data for electrical insulation limits in high-voltage modules is limited for standard VAM-based EVA without specific anti-PID additive packages.
| Test or compliance area | Standard designation | Method or property |
|---|---|---|
| Melt flow rate | ISO 1133-1:2022 | 190 °C/2.16 kg, g/10 min |
| Vinyl acetate content | ASTM D5594-18 | Infrared spectrometry |
| PV module qualification | IEC 61215-1:2021 | Damp heat, thermal cycling, UV |
| Encapsulant material properties | IEC 62788-1-1 | Volume resistivity, transmittance |
Formulation of vinyl acetate–acrylic emulsions for exterior wall coatings balances DCC VAM Standard Industrial Grade at 35–60 wt% of the monomer feed with butyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate comonomers to set the copolymer glass transition temperature between 0–25 °C via the Fox equation; typical acid-functional monomers such as acrylic or methacrylic acid are included at 0.5–2.0 wt% to improve pigment wetting and scrub resistance. The semi-batch seeded emulsion process uses a pre-emulsion feed over 3–5 h at 70–85 °C, anionic/nonionic surfactant blends, and persulfate initiator, with pH adjusted to 8.0–9.0 by ammonia after neutralization. Production-scale batch records show that too high a VAM fraction above 60 wt% in the monomer feed reduces hydrolytic stability of the dried film and increases viscosity drift during heat-aging at 50 °C; conversely, below 35 wt% VAM the cost and freeze-thaw stability balance deteriorates unless ethylene or higher acrylate levels are introduced. Compliance for exterior wall coatings includes GB/T 9755-2014 for architectural exterior emulsion paints, ASTM D2486-17 scrub resistance, ASTM D2244-16 color difference after accelerated weathering, and ASTM D2240-15 film hardness. Terminal finished product types include exterior masonry paints, elastomeric wall coatings, ready-mixed joint compounds, and caulks for perimeter sealing; these systems are not recommended for immersion service because the ester content remains susceptible to alkaline hydrolysis on concrete substrates with pH above 12.
In dry-mix mortar lines, DCC VAM Standard Industrial Grade is first polymerized into a VAE dispersion with VAM content of 70–85 wt% and then spray-dried with polyvinyl alcohol protective colloid and anti-caking mineral fillers to produce a redispersible polymer powder; typical inlet and outlet spray-drying temperatures are 180–220 °C and 70–90 °C respectively, and the resulting powder should retain 85–95% redispersibility when stirred into water. The dry mortar compounder adds the redispersible polymer powder at 1.5–4.0 wt% of total dry batch for C2 cementitious tile adhesives, 2.0–5.0 wt% for external thermal insulation composite system base coats, and 1.0–3.0 wt% for self-leveling underlayments to improve adhesion, flexibility, and water retention. Process conflicts occur when spray-drying shear and heat destroy the protective colloid layer; this results in powder that aggregates in cement mixing water and fails to form a coherent film at the mortar-substrate interface. Compliance references for this segment include EN 12004:2007+A1:2012 for cementitious tile adhesive classification C1/C2, ISO 13007-3 for grout performance, and EN 13499:2003 for external thermal insulation composite systems. Terminal finished product types include polymer-modified tile adhesives, ETICS base coats and adhesives, self-leveling floor underlayments, repair mortars, and waterproofing slurries; limitations include reduced film-formation efficiency below 5 °C and storage stability issues above 80% relative humidity if the powder pack is not sealed.
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DCC VAM Standard Industrial Grade is a monomer-grade vinyl acetate supplied as a clear, colorless liquid inhibited with hydroquinone at a nominal concentration of 3–5 ppm. The substance is identified by CAS 108-05-4 and molecular formula C4H6O2, with a molecular weight of 86.09 g/mol. The product is intended for large-scale polymer and copolymer manufacturing in which consistent radical polymerization kinetics, predictable molecular weight development, and low hydrolysis side-product formation are required. Typical downstream applications include polyvinyl acetate homopolymerization, vinyl acetate-ethylene copolymerization, vinyl acetate-acrylate copolymerization, and conversion to polyvinyl alcohol by alcoholysis. The boiling range at 760 mmHg is specified as 71.8–73.0 °C, the density at 20 °C is 0.932 g/mL, and the vapor pressure at 20 °C is approximately 92 mmHg. These properties place the material in a flammable-liquid storage category requiring closed-loop vapor recovery, grounded transfer equipment, and peroxide-free storage atmospheres.
Reagent-grade vinyl acetate is often supplied for analytical or laboratory syntheses with minimal stabilizer control because it is consumed rapidly under controlled conditions. DCC VAM Standard Industrial Grade differs in that the hydroquinone inhibitor is not a trace contaminant but a deliberate stabilizer load specified for extended storage, bulk transport, and reactor charging. The inhibitor acts as a radical scavenger and oxygen-consuming reserve, suppressing premature thermal polymerization during transit and tank farm residence. Unlike reagent material whose inhibitor status may be unspecified or absent, this grade carries an inhibitor range of 3–5 ppm, which allows downstream formulators to establish a reproducible induction period before initiation. The free acidity limit of ≤0.005% as acetic acid reduces the tendency for acid-catalyzed acetaldehyde formation in moisture-exposed systems, a property that is not consistently controlled in reagent-grade material.
Differences from broad commodity vinyl acetate are similarly specification-driven. The water limit of ≤0.05% in DCC VAM Standard Industrial Grade supports moisture-sensitive continuous polymerization trains where excess water can shift comonomer partition coefficients and alter latex particle size distribution. The color limit of ≤5 Pt-Co and the distillation range under 760 mmHg provide batch-to-batch continuity for resin clarity and volatile profile. The table below summarizes the principal control parameters for the grade.
| Parameter | Specification | Test Method |
|---|---|---|
| Purity | ≥99.9% | ASTM D2190 / gas chromatography |
| Free acidity as acetic acid | ≤0.005% | ASTM D1613 |
| Water | ≤0.05% | ASTM E203 |
| Hydroquinone inhibitor | 3–5 ppm | ASTM D2190 |
| Color | ≤5 Pt-Co | ASTM D1209 |
| Distillation range at 760 mmHg | 71.8–73.0 °C | ASTM D1078 |
| Density at 20 °C | 0.932 g/mL | ASTM D4052 |
Continuous polyvinyl acetate emulsion lines feeding this grade typically operate with jacketed stirred reactors and external heat-exchange loops because the hydroquinone inhibitor creates a measurable induction interval that must be overcome by radical generation. In redox-initiated formulations at pH 4.5, the induction period can shift by 10–20 min relative to uninhibited monomer depending on dissolved oxygen, initiator concentration, and impurity profile. Published quantitative data for this specific configuration is limited; however, production-scale qualification generally includes a headspace oxygen stability trial and a monomer consumption curve before full-rate operation. Once initiator breakthrough occurs, the exotherm should be controlled by jacket temperature and reflux cooling to prevent particle nucleation instability. The grade is compatible with conventional nonionic and anionic surfactant packages, but nitrogen sparging of the monomer feed is recommended because hydroquinone depletion accelerates when oxygen remains dissolved in the premix.
Hydroquinone stabilizer in DCC VAM Standard Industrial Grade is consumed slowly by dissolved oxygen and by repeated vapor-space exposure. Storage should be maintained below 30 °C under an inert blanket or a closed nitrogen pad, and the storage tank should be designed for flammable-liquid service with conservation vents and flame arresters. The material should not be stored in containers with copper or copper-alloy internals because copper ions can promote redox reactions that deactivate the hydroquinone and generate acetaldehyde. Extended storage above 6–12 months requires re-qualification of inhibitor content, water, and free acidity against ASTM D2190. Contact with strong bases, strong oxidizers, or concentrated peroxide initiators in the raw-material storage area is prohibited because such contact can trigger uncontrolled polymerization. Return of partially used samples to the bulk tank must be avoided to prevent cross-contamination from metal ions or water. The product is not classified as a drying oil and does not require heated storage; however, viscosity remains near 0.9 mPa·s at 20 °C, and transfer pumps should be sized for a low-viscosity, low-flash monomer.
High-pressure ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymerization with this grade is sensitive to water and free acidity because moisture entering the reactor can hydrolyze vinyl acetate to acetaldehyde and acetic acid, shifting the effective initiator consumption and altering polymer melt flow. For EVA lines operating above 140 MPa, the water limit of ≤0.05% is applied to reduce hydrolysis side reactions and improve continuous campaign stability. Melt flow rate of the resulting EVA is commonly measured according to ASTM D1238 or ISO 1133-1:2022, with density characterized by ASTM D1505. Standard industrial grade monomer is suitable for EVA with vinyl acetate incorporation up to approximately 40% by weight, although the high-pressure tubular or autoclave reactor configuration determines the practical ceiling. In these systems, monomer preheating and initiator injection are adjusted to compensate for the small induction interval created by hydroquinone.
In waterborne adhesive compounding, DCC VAM Standard Industrial Grade is frequently evaluated as a replacement for low-water vinyl acetate that is sold into moisture-sensitive polyvinyl acetate and vinyl acetate-acrylate dispersions. The primary substitution risk is not purity but the balance among free acidity, water, and hydroquinone. Free acidity at ≤0.005% is significant because residual acetic acid can buffer the aqueous phase in adhesive emulsions, alter initiator decomposition rate, and shift final adhesive viscosity. Adhesive viscosity is often monitored by ASTM D1084 or equivalent Brookfield rotational viscometry, and pH drift is tracked by ASTM E70. When standard grade replaces low-water monomer, formulators typically verify that the 0.05% water maximum does not interfere with polyvinyl alcohol protective colloid solubility or with tackifier compatibility. In vinyl acetate-acrylate pressure-sensitive adhesive formulations, hydroquinone at 3–5 ppm is consumed during the early stage of emulsion polymerization and does not require separate post-stripping for most general industrial applications.
Alcoholysis of DCC VAM Standard Industrial Grade to polyvinyl alcohol involves catalyzed transesterification in methanol. The presence of water at ≤0.05% is controlled because water participates in saponification side reactions and can increase sodium hydroxide consumption per batch, affecting the degree of hydrolysis and the dissolution characteristics of the resulting polyvinyl alcohol. Acidity is also controlled because acetic acid generated by hydrolysis or present as free acidity neutralizes part of the alkaline catalyst, requiring compensation in catalyst metering. Batch alcoholysis lines producing partially hydrolyzed polyvinyl alcohol grades typically monitor alkali molar ratio and methanol ratio as critical process variables; monomer specifications for water and acidity are entered into the alkali demand calculation before ester exchange is started. The standard industrial grade is used where high-purity vinyl acetate is not necessary for medical or microelectronic polyvinyl alcohol but where reproducible viscosity and ash content are still required.
