| HS Code | 151241 |
| Product Name | HIUV BC Double-glass Transparent EVA Film |
| Brand | HIUV |
| Model | BC |
| Material | Ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) |
| Product Type | Transparent double-glass encapsulation film |
| Application | Double-glass photovoltaic modules |
| Color | Transparent |
| Thickness | 0.5 mm typical |
| Width | Up to 1200 mm |
| Length | Roll form, customizable |
| Light Transmittance | >= 91% |
| Haze | <= 2% |
| Crosslinking Degree | >= 75% |
| Peel Strength | >= 60 N/cm |
| Tensile Strength | >= 16 MPa |
| Elongation At Break | >= 500% |
| Volume Resistivity | >= 1x10^15 ohm-cm |
| Water Absorption | <= 0.1% |
| Uv Resistance | Good |
| Weather Resistance | Good |
| Storage Conditions | Cool, dry, away from direct sunlight |
| Shelf Life | 12 months |
As an accredited HIUV BC Double-glass Transparent EVA Film factory, we enforce strict quality protocols—every batch undergoes rigorous testing to ensure consistent efficacy and safety standards.
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In automated double-glass module lines, HIUV BC double-glass transparent EVA film is typically unwound and placed as the front and rear encapsulant around a bifacial cell string array. The film thickness is commonly 0.45 mm to 0.50 mm per side, resulting in a combined EVA mass loading of approximately 0.85 kg/m² to 0.95 kg/m². The glass stack consists of low-iron patterned tempered glass at 2.0 mm to 2.8 mm front and rear thickness, with an anti-reflection coating on the air side. In lamination, the stack enters a three-chamber vacuum laminator with a platen temperature uniformity of ±1.5 °C across a 3.2 m × 2.2 m platen. The vacuum chamber is held at ≤−0.1 MPa relative pressure for 5 min to 7 min before the membrane press engages. Curing is carried out at 148 °C to 152 °C for 10 min to 14 min after chamber pressure stabilization. Degree of crosslinking is measured with ASTM D2765-16 Method C on samples taken from the corner and center of the laminate; a gel content of 75% to 85% is targeted because values below 70% correlate with elevated acetic acid generation and adhesion loss during extended damp heat, while values above 88% can embrittle the interlayer and reduce impact resistance. Peel adhesion to low-iron glass under ASTM D1876-08 T-peel should remain above 40 N/cm after lamination; readings below 25 N/cm after 1000 h of 85 °C/85 % RH exposure are treated as an edge delamination risk under IEC 61215-2:2021 MQT 12.
Formulation for utility-scale double-glass film typically uses a peroxide initiator loading of 0.7 wt% to 1.0 wt%, silane adhesion promoter of 0.3 wt% to 0.5 wt%, and a crosslinking co-agent in the 0.4 wt% to 0.8 wt% range. The transparent grade must not contain amine-based crosslinking accelerators; residual amine groups can decompose peroxide during storage and produce premature gel. Melt flow rate, measured at 190 °C under 2.16 kg per ISO 1133-1:2022, is typically held between 5 g/10 min and 15 g/10 min for consistent flow into cell gaps and busbar crossings. On lines with platen recession depth greater than 40 mm, edge temperature lag of 2 °C to 3 °C relative to center is observed; operators compensate by raising the setpoint 2 °C but not above 155 °C. Above 155 °C, the yellowness index increases beyond 1.5 and acetic acid release accelerates busbar corrosion. Edge void failure is most frequent when vacuum time is truncated below 4 min, leaving residual air pockets that expand into bubbles larger than 0.5 mm during the press stage. Lines using cooled unloading at 70 °C to 80 °C report lower edge curl and less glass warpage. The terminal product is a frameless bifacial double-glass module rated at 1500 V system voltage; the EVA film must maintain rear-side photon transmittance above 91% over 400–1100 nm when tested per IEC 62788-1-4:2016.
Facade-grade laminated safety glass incorporating PV cells imposes a different thermal profile because the front and rear glass panes are typically 4 mm to 6 mm heat-strengthened or tempered glass, nearly doubling the thermal mass relative to utility-scale 2 mm glass. In this configuration, HIUV BC double-glass transparent EVA film is used in 0.50 mm thickness on both sides of the cell matrix. The peroxide package is often reduced to 0.5 wt% to 0.8 wt% while the silane adhesion promoter is held at 0.4 wt% to 0.6 wt% to extend flow before cure. Lamination is performed at 140 °C to 146 °C with a dwell of 18 min to 22 min, rather than the faster high-temperature cure used for thin utility glass. The lower setpoint reduces edge thermal shock and microcrack formation in cells positioned within 20 mm of the glass edge. Vacuum pressure is controlled between 40 kPa and 60 kPa absolute during the tack phase, then raised to 80 kPa to 100 kPa during membrane pressing. The film is conditioned at 20 °C to 25 °C and relative humidity ≤60% for at least 4 h before unwinding to prevent surface condensation and bubble formation.
Compliance for this downstream segment is not limited to PV standards. The laminate must satisfy EN ISO 12543-2:2021 for laminated safety glass and the impact classification of EN 12600:2002, typically 2B2 or 1B1 depending on drop height and breakage mode. Electrically active samples are also subjected to IEC 61215-2:2021 MQT 12 and MQT 13, but building regulators may require additional fire reaction testing under the relevant national code. A frequent processing defect on facade lines is edge gel content 5% to 8% lower than center gel content when the dwell is shorter than 16 min. This arises because the thicker glass edge remains below the cure threshold after the center has reached the platen setpoint. The defect appears as partial adhesion loss at the glass edge after 500 h of damp heat, visible as a milky band advancing from the edge seal. Terminal products include curtain-wall spandrel panels and BIPV vision glazing units with dimensions up to 1800 mm × 1200 mm, in which the EVA film functions simultaneously as PV encapsulant, safety interlayer, and moisture barrier.
| Application segment | Front/rear glass thickness | EVA film thickness per interface | Lamination plateau / dwell | Target gel content | Dominant compliance anchor |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Utility bifacial double-glass | 2.0–2.8 mm | 0.45–0.50 mm | 148–152 °C / 10–14 min | 75–85% | IEC 61215-2:2021 MQT 12 |
| BIPV curtain-wall laminate | 4–6 mm | 0.50 mm | 140–146 °C / 18–22 min | 70–80% | EN ISO 12543-2:2021 |
| Agrivoltaic greenhouse roof | 2.8 mm | 0.45 mm | 145–150 °C / 12–16 min | 72–82% | ISO 9050:2003 |
| PV noise barrier | 2.0–2.8 mm | 0.50 mm | 148–152 °C / 10–14 min | 75–85% | EN 1794-1:2018 |
| Floating PV array | 2.0–2.8 mm | 0.50 mm | 150–155 °C / 12–15 min | 80–88% | IEC 61215-2:2021 MQT 13 |
| Atrium skylight | 5–6 mm | 0.50 mm | 140–146 °C / 20–25 min | 72–80% | EN 12600:2002 |
Agrivoltaic greenhouse roofs demand a specific optical balance that differs from utility ground-mount applications. The HIUV BC double-glass transparent EVA film in this segment is supplied in 0.45 mm front and rear layers, with cell coverage held between 40% and 60% of the aperture area to maintain photosynthetically active radiation. Lamination is carried out at 145 °C to 150 °C for 12 min to 16 min, using a gel content target of 72% to 82% to avoid excessive yellowing. Optical transmission after lamination is evaluated under ISO 9050:2003 for light transmittance and solar direct transmittance, while the solar-weighted photon transmittance and UV cut-off wavelength are measured per IEC 62788-1-4:2016. Visible transmittance above 87% and haze below 2% are typical acceptance criteria for glazing applications where shade-tolerant crops are cultivated. The lamination window is narrower than in utility glass because the rear glass is thinner and more sensitive to uneven heat transfer at the cell gaps; process engineers must keep platen temperature spread below ±1.5 °C to avoid optical distortion.
The UV absorber package is not fixed; it is adjusted between 0.10 wt% and 0.30 wt% to shift the UV cut-off from 320 nm to 365 nm. Variants with a lower cut-off near 320 nm transmit more UV-A for pollinator activity but expose the EVA film and rear glass interface to higher photodegradation stress. Published multi-site agrivoltaic data for this exact film grade are limited, so UV exposure trials under ASTM G154-16 are used to confirm yellowness index remains below 1.5 after 1000 h of fluorescent UV exposure. A process conflict arises when lamination temperature exceeds 150 °C: the low-iron rear glass can develop optical distortion due to uneven thermal expansion at the cell gaps, especially with patterned glass. Panel sizes for greenhouse roofs are commonly 2067 mm × 998 mm, requiring laminator platen dimensions of at least 2200 mm × 1200 mm. The terminal product is a semitransparent double-glass PV module mounted as a roof panel, with the EVA film providing structural integration between the two glass panes while maintaining the necessary PAR transmission through the uncovered zones.
PV noise barrier modules manufactured for motorway and rail installations introduce sustained low-amplitude vibration and high edge stress into the encapsulant layer. In this application, HIUV BC double-glass transparent EVA film is laminated between two 2.0 mm to 2.8 mm tempered low-iron glass sheets around a semitransparent monocrystalline cell array. The film thickness is specified at 0.50 mm per interface to increase damping and edge adhesion. The peroxide loading is typically 0.8 wt% to 1.0 wt%, with the silane adhesion promoter held between 0.4 wt% and 0.6 wt% to withstand cyclic shear. Lamination uses a plateau of 148 °C to 152 °C for 10 min to 14 min. Gel content is checked at 75% to 85%; lower crosslink density produces insufficient cohesive strength during wind-induced panel flutter. EN 1794-1:2018 and EN 1794-2:2018 govern the non-acoustic mechanical and environmental performance of the installed barrier; the PV active layer must also retain output stability under IEC 61215-2:2021 MQT 12. A distinctive failure mode observed on highway installations is edge delamination starting at the panel clamping zone, where cyclic stress concentration exceeds 0.5 MPa and the EVA-glass interface experiences micro-slip. To address this, processors extend the pressing phase to consolidate the edge seal and avoid air entrapment at the cell-to-glass transition. The terminal product is a framed or frameless acoustic PV cassette, typically 1960 mm × 1000 mm, mounted on steel posts with the EVA film acting as the vibration-damping interlayer.
In floating arrays on reservoirs and tailings ponds, the module edge is subjected to intermittent wave splash and continuous high relative humidity. HIUV BC double-glass transparent EVA film for this segment is specified with a higher initial gel content target of 80% to 88% because under-crosslinked EVA hydrolyzes more readily and releases acetic acid at the glass interface. The film thickness is 0.50 mm per side, and the peroxide package is biased to the upper end of 0.8 wt% to 1.2 wt%. Silane adhesion promoter is also increased to 0.5 wt% to 0.8 wt% to resist adhesion loss after prolonged damp heat. Lamination is performed at 150 °C to 155 °C for 12 min to 15 min, with platen temperature uniformity held within ±1 °C to avoid localized over-cure. The cure plateau is narrow because a drop of 3 °C can reduce gel content below the 75% threshold and create a moisture ingress path. Edge sealant tape, generally a butyl-based product with width of 8 mm to 12 mm, is applied before lamination to limit water vapor penetration at the glass-glass boundary.
Durability testing follows IEC 61215-2:2021 MQT 12 for 1000 h at 85 °C/85 % RH and MQT 13 humidity-freeze cycling from −40 °C to 85 °C. In addition, modules destined for floating service are frequently exposed to extended damp heat beyond 2000 h; after this duration, peel adhesion under ASTM D1876-08 should remain above 30 N/cm. The edge seal is a critical process boundary. EVA films without sufficient edge consolidation exhibit delamination starting at the glass-glass interface within 500 h to 800 h of saturated humidity. The terminal product is a double-glass module rated for 1500 V system voltage, mounted on HDPE floats with the front glass exposed to direct irradiance and the rear glass facing the water surface. The main incompatibility is the use of acid scavenger additives that compete with the silane coupling reaction; although they reduce acetic acid, they can depress wet adhesion to low-iron glass below the required threshold.
Curved and oversized skylight panels for commercial atriums use HIUV BC double-glass transparent EVA film in combination with multi-wire cell interconnects and thick glass panes. The front glass is commonly 5 mm to 6 mm curved tempered low-iron glass, while the rear glass is 5 mm heat-strengthened or tempered glass. The film is applied at 0.50 mm thickness on each side to accommodate the step height introduced by multi-wire interconnects, which can be as high as 0.25 mm. The optical-grade formulation contains a peroxide loading of 0.6 wt% to 0.9 wt% and a silane adhesion promoter of 0.3 wt% to 0.4 wt%, with a low-haze additive package. Lamination is deliberately shifted to a lower temperature range of 140 °C to 146 °C with a dwell of 20 min to 25 min. This slow cure allows the film to flow around the multi-wire geometry and fill edge voids before crosslinking locks the network. A silicone membrane press is used to conform to the curved front glass, with membrane pressure limited to 60 kPa to 80 kPa during the early phase to avoid cell displacement.
Optical performance is evaluated with ASTM E903-12 for solar transmittance and ISO 9050:2003 for visible transmittance. After crosslinking, a visible transmittance above 86% and a yellowness index below 1.5 are required for skylight visual comfort. Haze is measured at 2.5% or lower. The laminated glazing must also meet EN 12600:2002 impact classification for overhead safety, typically 2B2 or 1B1, depending on the point support detail. A process conflict occurs when curved glass is heated too rapidly: edge temperature differentials above 8 °C between the leading and trailing edges of the glass cause cell microcracks and distort the multi-wire busbar positions. To prevent this, the heating ramp is limited to 3 °C/min until the glass surface reaches 120 °C, after which the plateau phase begins. The terminal product is a point-supported skylight unit measuring up to 2200 mm × 1800 mm, with the EVA film serving as the only interlayer between the curved glass panes and the embedded multi-wire cell array.
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The HIUV BC Double-glass Transparent EVA Film is a peroxide-curable ethylene-vinyl acetate encapsulant formulated for laminated glass-glass photovoltaic module stacks. The BC model designation identifies a transparent, non-pigmented grade intended for both front-side and rear-side encapsulation in bifacial crystalline-silicon modules, where the rear cover is transparent glass rather than an opaque backsheet. Published data for this specific HIUV BC configuration is limited; the numerical envelope presented below is representative of the transparent double-glass EVA encapsulant class unless a supplier datasheet is cited. The film is supplied as a calendered roll with a release liner, and typical gauges for this product class range from 0.40 mm to 0.80 mm. Downstream manufacturers should confirm the exact roll width, thickness, and lot-specific gel content from the HIUV technical datasheet before setting lamination parameters. In double-glass construction, the encapsulant is used between the front glass and the cell string and between the cell string and the rear glass; its transparency is essential for rear-side light collection and for avoiding optical shadowing of the rear active cell area.
The lamination window for transparent EVA in double-glass construction is governed by peroxide decomposition kinetics and by the need to extract air from the glass/EVA/cell/EVA/glass stack before the cure reaction raises melt viscosity. Typical formulations contain an organic peroxide such as tert-butyl peroxy-2-ethylhexyl carbonate, which decomposes in the range of 130 °C to 150 °C to generate free radicals and crosslink the ethylene-vinyl acetate chains. A three-chamber vacuum laminator with a silicone diaphragm is commonly used. The platen temperature set point is generally 145 °C to 155 °C, with a vacuum dwell of 4 min to 6 min before the diaphragm presses the stack at 0.08 MPa to 0.10 MPa. The cure hold time is typically 12 min to 18 min, depending on glass thickness, cell spacing, and film gauge. This is a deep-dive process zone because the acceptable curing temperature window is narrow: platen temperature uniformity should be maintained within ±2 °C, and deviations beyond ±5 °C can produce either premature crosslinking before complete air removal or incomplete cure at the module edges. On production-scale laminators, bubble formation at the cell edges and tabbing-ribbon interfaces is a recurring failure mode when the vacuum ramp is too fast or when the film has absorbed moisture. Conversely, an excessively long vacuum dwell before full temperature ramp can permit the peroxide to begin decomposition under low pressure, producing volatile by-products that remain trapped in the laminate.
Gel content after cure is the primary release criterion for this encapsulant class. A cured gel content below 70 % is associated with thermoplastic behavior at module operating temperature, leading to interfacial slip, edge delamination, and reduced load-bearing stability under snow or wind load. Above 90 % gel content, the residual peroxide and crosslinking sites are largely consumed, but over-cure can increase yellowness index and reduce peel adhesion at the glass interface due to oxidative degradation. Incoming quality control should verify peroxide batch-to-batch variance by differential scanning calorimetry; a shift in exotherm onset of ±5 °C under fixed lamination settings can alter final gel content by several percentage points. For double-glass stacks, the lamination cycle must also account for the thermal mass of two glass sheets, which delays heat transfer to the encapsulant. A front glass of 2.0 mm with a rear glass of 2.0 mm requires a longer equilibration time than a single-glass module with a polymer backsheet, and the actual encapsulant temperature may lag the platen temperature by 5 °C to 10 °C during the first 5 min of the cycle.
Optical performance of the transparent EVA layer is assessed after lamination because the film surface texture and refractive index change during cure. Typical total luminous transmittance of a glass/EVA/glass laminate is ≥ 91 % when measured against air per ASTM D1003, with haze below 2.0 %. The UV cut-off wavelength is adjusted with stabilizer packages, commonly absorbing below 360 nm to protect the EVA polymer from photochemical degradation while permitting visible light transmission. Yellowness index following UV preconditioning is often specified as ΔYI ≤ 2.0 after 1000 h of accelerated exposure; the exact UV source and irradiance should be taken from the supplier datasheet because published data for this specific BC configuration is limited. For bifacial modules, the rear-side transparent EVA layer influences rear-side gain through broadband transmission from approximately 400 nm to 1100 nm. The absence of reflective fillers means that rear glass reflection and cell back-side response govern the rear-side current contribution rather than the encapsulant itself.
Adhesion of EVA to glass is developed through organofunctional silane grafting during cure; the silane reacts with surface hydroxyl groups on the glass and with the polymer network. Peel strength to glass for transparent EVA is typically 40 N/cm to 100 N/cm when measured by a 180° peel test at 25 °C using a constant-rate tensile tester. After 1000 h of damp heat at 85 °C and 85 % RH per IEC 61215-2:2021 MQT 13, adhesion retention should remain above 50 % of the initial value in a qualified double-glass module design. EVA is known to generate acetic acid under hydrolytic conditions, and in glass-glass modules this degradation product can be trapped near the cell edges if moisture ingress occurs. Therefore, transparent EVA for double-glass use is specified with volume resistivity above 1 × 1014 Ω·cm at 25 °C when measured per IEC 60093. In comparison, polyolefin elastomer encapsulants often provide volume resistivity in the range of 1 × 1016 Ω·cm to 1 × 1017 Ω·cm, which is one of the reasons POE is specified for high-system-voltage bifacial modules or for thin-film cells sensitive to acetic acid corrosion.
Mechanical behavior after cure must accommodate thermal expansion mismatch between glass and silicon cells. Tensile elongation at break for cured transparent EVA is typically 300 % to 600 % when measured per ASTM D638, while the elastic modulus remains low enough to reduce stress transfer to the cell interconnects. Shrinkage of the uncured film before lamination is another processing variable; transparent EVA roll stock is usually specified with free shrinkage below 2 % in the machine direction after 30 min at 120 °C, but this should be verified for the specific BC lot because shrinkage can create edge pull-in and misalignment during layup. In double-glass modules, the cured encapsulant is also the primary dielectric barrier between the active cell circuit and the glass edges. The combination of damp heat aging, acetic acid generation, and bias voltage can promote potential-induced degradation; therefore, module qualification typically includes PID testing at 85 °C/85 % RH with negative or positive system voltage per IEC TS 62804-1.
| Property | Test method | Typical range | Unit |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominal thickness | — | 0.40–0.80 | mm |
| Vinyl acetate content | FTIR / company method | 28–33 | wt% |
| Gel content after cure | Solvent extraction, xylene | 75–90 | % |
| Total luminous transmittance | ASTM D1003 | ≥ 91 | % |
| Haze | ASTM D1003 | ≤ 2.0 | % |
| Yellowness index | ASTM E313 | ≤ 2.0 | — |
| Volume resistivity | IEC 60093 | ≥ 1 × 1014 | Ω·cm |
| Peel strength to glass | ASTM D903 | 40–100 | N/cm |
| Tensile elongation at break | ASTM D638 | 300–600 | % |
These values are representative of transparent EVA encapsulants used in glass-glass constructions; they are not a substitute for the HIUV BC lot-specific datasheet. The primary differentiation of the transparent BC film relative to white or pigmented EVA is the omission of TiO₂ or other reflective fillers. White EVA formulations may contain 3 wt% to 8 wt% titanium dioxide, which increases zero-shear viscosity and modifies melt flow during lamination. The transparent formulation has lower filler content and therefore different flow behavior; it does not block rear-side irradiance and is suitable for the rear side of bifacial double-glass modules. Relative to polyolefin elastomer encapsulants, EVA typically exhibits a broader processing window and lower material cost, but higher equilibrium moisture uptake, higher acetic acid generation, lower volume resistivity, and greater sensitivity to UV yellowing over extended service life. Relative to PVB, EVA cures at a lower temperature and shows better melt flow around cell strings and tabbing wires, but PVB can offer higher mechanical toughness in overhead glazing applications where structural interlayer behavior is required.
Transparent EVA rolls are hygroscopic before cure and must be stored in sealed bags at 0 °C to 30 °C and below 60 % RH. Shelf life for this encapsulant class is commonly 6 months from delivery when kept in original packaging; opened rolls should be re-sealed and used within the supplier’s specified exposure window. If a roll is exposed to high humidity or stored outside the recommended envelope, moisture can condense on the film and react with the silane coupling agent, producing silanol condensation and reducing adhesion to glass. Pre-drying before use may be required; typical reconditioning is 4 h to 12 h at 40 °C to 50 °C in a dry-air oven, but this should be performed only if approved by the film manufacturer. Storage near amine-containing compounds or volatile acidic materials should be avoided because amine species can accelerate peroxide decomposition or interfere with silane condensation, leading to premature crosslinking or poor adhesion. Direct contact with copper-based stabilizers or uncoated copper surfaces is also a known incompatibility because copper ions can catalyze oxidative degradation of the EVA matrix.
On a production lamination line with a semi-automatic layup station, double-glass modules require careful handling of transparent EVA because surface defects, wrinkles, and edge folds are directly visible in the finished laminate. The film should be cut with shearing or rotary cutting equipment, and unwind tension should be controlled to avoid elongation. Wrinkles at the tabbing-ribbon interfaces can initiate bubble nucleation, and because the double-glass stack cannot be easily reworked without cell breakage, these defects are typically considered non-recoverable. Typical roll stock for a 2.2 m wide glass line may be slit to module width with a tolerance of ±2 mm. Edge squeeze-out of EVA after lamination can be trimmed after cure, but uncured resin at the edges is a contamination source and should be removed before framing or junction-box adhesion. Batch-to-batch variation in peroxide concentration can shift gel content by ±5 % under identical lamination settings; if gel content falls below 70 %, delamination at the glass edge can appear after thermal cycling. Incoming quality control should also verify film thickness, gel content after a standard cure, optical transmittance, and residual curing exotherm by differential scanning calorimetry.
| Test | Standard / method | Condition | Typical acceptance criterion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Damp heat | IEC 61215-2:2021 MQT 13 | 85 °C / 85 % RH, 1000 h | No major visual defect; power loss ≤ 5 % |
| Thermal cycling | IEC 61215-2:2021 MQT 11 | −40 °C to +85 °C, 200 cycles | No delamination; insulation intact |
| Humidity-freeze | IEC 61215-2:2021 MQT 12 | 85 °C / 85 % RH to −40 °C | No visual defect |
| Potential-induced degradation | IEC TS 62804-1 | 85 °C / 85 % RH, −1000 V, 96 h | Power loss ≤ 5 % |
| Optical transmittance | ASTM D1003 | Air, 25 °C | ≥ 91 % |
In building-integrated photovoltaic facades and overhead glazing where a transparent rear glass is required, the HIUV BC transparent double-glass EVA film may be selected after verification of the supplier’s lot-specific datasheet. The absence of light-scattering pigments and the cured network’s adhesion to both glass sheets are the controlling material properties. Operational boundaries include the specified storage envelope, the narrow lamination window, and the requirement for incoming peroxide and moisture control. Transparent EVA is not recommended for module designs with thin-film cells that are highly sensitive to acetic acid, or for high-system-voltage bifacial modules where POE-grade volume resistivity is required. Published data for this specific HIUV BC configuration is limited; therefore, qualification work should be performed on the final module stack using the actual glass, cell, and laminator parameters.
