| HS Code | 164487 |
| Product Name | GOHSENOL GM-14 |
| Chemical Type | Partially saponified polyvinyl alcohol |
| Appearance | White to pale yellow granular solid |
| Odor | Odorless |
| Degree Of Saponification | 86.5-88.5 mol% |
| Degree Of Polymerization | Approx. 1400 |
| Viscosity 4 Aqueous Solution At 20 C | 13-15 mPa·s |
| Ph 4 Aqueous Solution | 5.0-7.0 |
| Ash Content | ≤0.5% |
| Volatile Matter | ≤5.0% |
| Specific Gravity | Approx. 1.25 |
| Bulk Density | Approx. 400-600 kg/m3 |
| Solubility | Soluble in hot water; insoluble in common organic solvents |
As an accredited GOHSENOL GM-14 factory, we enforce strict quality protocols—every batch undergoes rigorous testing to ensure consistent efficacy and safety standards.
| Packing | GOHSENOL GM-14 is supplied as a white powder in 25 kg multi-ply paper bags, ensuring safe handling and storage. |
| Container Loading (20′ FCL) | GOHSENOL GM-14 is loaded in a 20′ FCL on pallets, with bags secured and blocked to ensure safe transport. |
| Shipping | GOHSENOL GM-14, a polyvinyl alcohol resin, is shipped as non-hazardous granules/powder in multi-layer paper or polyethylene-lined bags. Keep packaging sealed, dry, and protected from moisture, humidity, and direct heat. Transport in covered, clean vehicles to prevent contamination. Standard handling and storage conditions ensure product stability during transit. |
| Storage | Store GOHSENOL GM-14 in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from direct sunlight, heat, and ignition sources. Keep the container tightly sealed to protect against moisture absorption. Avoid dust generation and accumulation, and keep away from strong oxidizing agents. Maintain room temperature storage with proper labeling and good housekeeping practices. |
| Shelf Life | Shelf life of GOHSENOL GM-14 is typically 2 years when stored in original, unopened containers in a cool, dry place. |
The GOHSENOL GM-14 grade is specified with a hydrolysis degree of 86.5–89.0 mol% and a 4 wt% aqueous solution viscosity of 20.5–24.5 mPa·s at 20 °C under JIS K 6726. The residual acetate groups in this partially hydrolyzed window participate in grafting and chain-transfer events during free-radical initiation. A production-scale emulsion polymerization line pre-dissolves GM-14 in deionised water at 85–95 °C for 45–60 min using a jacketed vessel with an anchor agitator operating at 40–60 rpm. The solution is then cooled to 60–70 °C before vinyl acetate monomer feed. A representative reactor charge contains 100 parts water, 4.0–6.0 parts GM-14, 0.15–0.30 parts ammonium persulfate, and 55–65 parts vinyl acetate monomer added semi-continuously over 3–5 h under a nitrogen blanket at 65–75 °C. Residual monomer is reduced below 0.5 wt% by post-initiation at 75–80 °C for 60–90 min.
The process conflict is concentrated in the latex viscosity response. Below 3.0 parts GM-14 per 100 parts water, the protective colloid layer on the particle surface becomes insufficient. Shear-induced coagulum in a 5 L jacketed glass reactor fitted with a 45° pitched-blade turbine at 150 rpm can exceed 0.5 wt% of total monomer charge. At 6.0 parts or above, Brookfield viscosity measured with RV spindle 4 at 20 rpm and 25 °C may exceed 10,000 mPa·s, reducing heat transfer through the vessel wall. The usable operating window is therefore narrow in terms of both solids content and agitator torque. For vinyl acetate–ethylene copolymer latex, GM-14 is typically reduced to 2.5–4.0 parts because ethylene monomer acts as a chain-transfer agent and plasticises the final film, while lower protective colloid content reduces shear stability during airless spray application.
Finished polyvinyl acetate homopolymer dispersions produced with GM-14 are checked for viscosity according to ASTM D2196, pH according to ISO 976, non-volatile content according to ISO 3251, and minimum film-forming temperature according to ASTM D2354. The colloid-stabilised latex is typically formulated into D3 and D4 wood adhesives with 10–20 phr plasticiser and 2–5 phr calcium carbonate filler. Open time is assessed by EN 204 for classification of thermoplastic wood adhesives. In paper-laminating adhesive compounds, viscosity is adjusted with water to 20,000–30,000 mPa·s for roller coaters, and wet coat weight is controlled at 50–80 g/m².
In puddle size-press operations on fine paper machines running at 600–1,000 m/min, GM-14 is applied as a 5–12 wt% aqueous solution at 50–65 °C. Dry pickup is controlled between 0.5–2.0 g/m² per side by adjusting roll hardness and pond depth. Film splitting at the roll nip deposits a continuous polymer layer over the base sheet. A typical surface-sizing formulation blends 4 parts GM-14 solids with 6 parts oxidised starch solids. Borax is excluded from the size press because borate-ester crosslinking with GM-14 produces viscosity drift during long machine runs. Internal sizing is maintained separately with AKD or ASA emulsion; the PVA/starch film does not replace internal sizing but reduces porosity and improves surface strength.
Paper and board surface performance is evaluated by ISO 535 for Cobb 60 water absorption, with target values from 20–35 g/m² for inkjet base paper depending on coating formulation. Wet pick resistance is measured by ISO 3783, and dry tensile properties by ISO 1924-3. Food-contact status for converted board is evaluated under FDA 21 CFR 176.170 when the finished material is intended for aqueous, acidic, or fatty foods. Migration testing under EU 10/2011 is required when the finished article is placed on the European market.
| Size press variable | Method or instrument | Control range |
|---|---|---|
| GM-14/starch blend solids | Refractometer, 20 °C | 5–12 wt% |
| Size press temperature | In-line RTD probe | 50–65 °C |
| Dry pickup per side | Gravimetric coat weight difference | 0.5–2.0 g/m² |
| Cobb 60 water absorption | ISO 535 | 20–35 g/m² |
Slashing lines processing 40/1 Ne to 80/1 Ne cotton and polyester/cotton yarns use GM-14 at 8–14 wt% solids in the size box. The polymer is cooked in a continuous jet cooker at 105–120 °C for 15–25 min, then supplied to the size box at 75–85 °C. Size add-on is maintained at 7–12 wt% dry size on yarn weight by adjusting squeeze-roll nip pressure between 12–20 kN/m. A fatty acid ester or hydrogenated castor oil size lubricant is added at 0.2–0.5 wt% of total liquor to reduce yarn-to-metal friction in the reed and heald frames. The film formed on the yarn has an elongation-at-break range that prevents brittle failure in the shed. Sized-yarn tensile properties are measured according to ASTM D2256.
| Slashing parameter | Instrument or method | Set point |
|---|---|---|
| Size box solids | Refractometer | 8–14 wt% |
| Size add-on | Gravimetric after drying | 7–12 wt% |
| Squeeze-roll nip load | Load cell on slasher | 12–20 kN/m |
| Desize residual | Iodine staining and gravimetry | <0.5 wt% |
Deposition on air-jet looms is a process control variable. If the size film is too hard, dry size particles abrade from the yarn and accumulate on heald eyes and reed dents. If the film is too soft, warp yarn sticks during shed separation at weaving speeds above 800 rpm. The GM-14 hydrolysis window of 86.5–89.0 mol% provides partial water sensitivity, which supports removal by hot water at 80–90 °C in the desizing wash. Desizing efficiency is verified by iodine staining and by residual size content below 0.5 wt% on fabric weight before wet processing.
Remoistenable envelope and label adhesives are compounded with GM-14 at 8–16 wt% of the wet formulation. The polymer is dissolved in a steam-jacketed scraped-surface cooker at 85–95 °C for 30–45 min, then cooled to 50–60 °C for addition of 2–5 wt% glycerol or sorbitol plasticiser and 0.1–0.3 wt% preservative. The adhesive is applied by reverse-roll or slot-die coating to 60–90 g/m² base paper at 4–8 g/m² dry coat weight. Coated paper is dried with forced air at 80–100 °C to a final moisture content of 4–6 wt% to prevent blocking while retaining remoistenability. The dry film is non-tacky until wetted. Remoistening with water at 20–30 °C restores tack within 5–15 s, depending on film thickness and plasticiser content.
Adhesive strength is measured by ASTM D1876 T-peel on paper substrates. A typical target is 0.5–1.5 N/mm peel strength after 60 s dwell. Published data for GM-14-specific formulations in this configuration is limited, so pilot coater trials are necessary to set process limits. The formulation must not contain borax or high levels of aluminium sulfate because both ions induce viscosity build or precipitation. pH is held at 5.0–7.0 to protect the acetoxy groups of GM-14 from alkaline hydrolysis during storage.
GM-14 is introduced as a temporary binder in alumina and barium titanate tape-casting slips at 3–6 wt% of ceramic powder weight, added from a 10 wt% stock solution. The binder solution is mixed into the slip with a planetary centrifugal mixer at 800–1,500 rpm. After addition, slip viscosity is adjusted to 1,500–3,500 mPa·s at 25 °C under a shear rate of 10 s⁻¹. Doctor blade gap is set at 100–300 μm on a batch caster with PET carrier film moving at 0.5–2.0 m/min. The green tape is dried in two zones: 25–40 °C for surface skinning and 50–60 °C for residual moisture reduction to below 2 wt%.
The critical limitation is ash residue. The manufacturer specification for GM-14 lists ash as ≤0.5 wt% as Na₂O, which is relevant for low-loss RF ceramics. Dielectric loss tangent is measured by ASTM D150 at 1 MHz. If the ceramic application requires loss tangent below 0.001, a low-ash PVA grade should be evaluated. Binder burnout is ramped at 1–2 °C/min to 450–550 °C in air. Heating rates above this range produce internal gas pressure that delaminates the green tape. Residual carbon after burnout is checked by thermal analysis under ISO 11358-1.
Blown film conversion of GM-14 requires plasticiser addition before melt processing. A compound with 12–18 phr glycerol or sorbitol, 0.5–1.0 phr synthetic silica, and 0.1–0.3 phr processing lubricant is prepared in a co-rotating twin-screw extruder with L/D 36:1. Barrel temperatures are set from 160 °C at the feed throat to 190–205 °C at the die. Melt pressure at the die is maintained below ±0.5 MPa oscillation. Greater variation indicates feed-induced surging or local thermal degradation, which appears as gel particles in the film. Film is blown through a 50–70 mm annular die with blow-up ratio 2.0–3.0 and frost-line height 300–500 mm.
Water-soluble pouch film produced from partially hydrolysed PVA is used for detergent unit-dose packaging and agrochemical sachets. Dissolution time is measured by a modified static-water test at 10 °C, 20 °C, and 40 °C. Published data for GM-14-specific film is limited, so the dissolution window must be confirmed on the converted film. The film is not automatically certified as compostable. ISO 14855-1 or ASTM D6400 testing is required on the finished packaging article. The melt processing window is narrow. Above 210 °C, degradation accelerates and melt pressure rises uncontrollably. Below 185 °C, the plasticised compound develops melt fracture and poor gauge uniformity.
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GOHSENOL GM-14 is a partially hydrolyzed polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) powder with a degree of hydrolysis of 86.5–89.0 mol% and a 4% aqueous solution viscosity at 20°C of 20.5–24.5 mPa·s when tested according to JIS K6726. The material is supplied as a white to pale-yellow granule or powder, with volatile content not exceeding 5.0% and ash content expressed as Na₂O not exceeding 0.5%. The pH of a 4% aqueous solution is typically 5.0–7.0, and the CAS registry number is 9002-89-5. The grade is defined by simultaneous partial saponification and medium-low molecular weight, which reduces cold-water dispersion energy compared with fully hydrolyzed PVOH of the same solution viscosity and allows more uniform penetration into porous substrates.
The combination of hydrolysis and viscosity places GOHSENOL GM-14 between low-viscosity partially hydrolyzed grades such as GL-05 and higher-viscosity partially hydrolyzed grades such as GH-17. In adhesive compounding, the 20.5–24.5 mPa·s solution viscosity permits wetting of cellulose surfaces without excessive thickening, while the residual acetyl content of 11.0–13.5 mol% retards crystalline domain development during film drying. This property set shifts the grade toward applications requiring cold-water re-dispersibility, controlled penetration, and moderate film strength.
| Parameter | Typical value or range | Test reference |
|---|---|---|
| Degree of hydrolysis | 86.5–89.0 mol% | JIS K6726 |
| Viscosity, 4% aqueous solution, 20°C | 20.5–24.5 mPa·s | JIS K6726 |
| Volatile content | ≤ 5.0% | JIS K6726 |
| Ash, as Na₂O | ≤ 0.5% | JIS K6726 |
| pH, 4% aqueous solution | 5.0–7.0 | JIS K6726 |
| Appearance | White to pale-yellow granule or powder | Visual inspection |
Process constraints in cold-water compounding are determined by dissolution temperature profile and shear history. GOHSENOL GM-14 disperses in cold water at 10–20°C; however, a top-entering propeller agitator at 0.5–1.5 kW/m³ power input is normally required to prevent particle agglomeration before the batch is heated. If the powder is added directly to water above 40°C, gel skins form on the particle surface and partially hydrolyzed PVOH particles become resistant to further hydration without high-shear homogenization. The recommended dissolution procedure is to sift the powder into a vortex under moderate agitation, hold the slurry at 10–20°C for 15–30 min, then raise the batch to 80–85°C and hold for 30 min until the solution clears. Exceeding 95°C promotes chain scission and yellowing; below 75°C, residual microgel persists and filtration through 100 µm screen packs becomes difficult.
In production mixers, the dissolution endpoint can be checked by refractive index or by torque stabilization rather than visual clarity alone. For a 10% solids solution, the Brookfield viscosity at 25°C is higher than the 4% datasheet value; when a process is transferred from a laboratory propeller to a gear-driven side-entry mixer, the apparent viscosity can be underestimated if measured only at low shear. Published data for this specific configuration is limited, but batch logs from jacketed mixing vessels show that the torque curve reaches equilibrium only after the temperature has remained above 80°C for at least 20 min.
For emulsion polymerization of vinyl acetate and vinyl acetate–ethylene systems, GOHSENOL GM-14 functions as a protective colloid and viscosity control agent. The 86.5–89.0 mol% hydrolysis range is a partial-saponification window that balances surface activity at the monomer–water interface with water solubility; in a 65°C batch reactor with an anchor or pitched-blade agitator, a 4–6 wt% aqueous solution of the grade is charged before monomer addition to maintain particle size stability. The 20.5–24.5 mPa·s viscosity of a 4% solution at 20°C corresponds to relatively low shear viscosity during initial dispersion; once the reactor reaches polymerization temperature, the solution viscosity decreases with temperature, which can reduce the protective colloid layer thickness under high shear. Reactor optimization therefore relies on monitored torque curves and particle-size distributions measured by dynamic light scattering in accordance with ISO 22412:2017.
The material is also used as a secondary protective colloid in acrylic and styrene-acrylic emulsion synthesis where it contributes to shear stability rather than primary stabilization. In such systems, addition rates of 0.5–2.0 wt% based on monomer are typical, but higher loadings can increase latex viscosity beyond the target range for spray application. Coagulum formation in the reactor or on the agitator shaft is a known failure mode when the grade is substituted for a higher-viscosity PVOH without reducing stirrer speed; the lower molecular weight of GM-14 reduces the thickness of the grafted PVOH layer, and under 1,500 rpm high-shear dispersion the polymer can undergo chain scission and lose protective-colloid capacity. Post-polymerization filtration through 250 µm mesh is used to detect destabilized polymer.
In low-shear applications such as warp sizing and paper surface sizing, the grade is selected for its ability to form a dry film that re-disperses in hot water. For warp sizing of spun polyester and textured yarns, a 6–10% solids solution at 55–65°C is applied through a size box with rubber-covered squeeze rolls; the low viscosity of GM-14 allows add-on to be controlled primarily by nip pressure rather than by viscosity drift. The partial hydrolysis keeps the size film re-dispersible at 80–90°C, which reduces the need for enzymatic desizing agents on synthetic yarns. Fully hydrolyzed PVOH of equivalent solution viscosity requires higher wash-off temperatures and may leave insoluble crystalline residues on hydrophobic yarn surfaces.
For paper and board, GOHSENOL GM-14 is added to starch-based size-press formulations at 0.5–2.0 dry wt% based on starch. In film-press units with 45–60 Shore A rubber rolls, the grade reduces blade pressure fluctuation because its solution viscosity remains lower than that of GH-17 at the same solids. Cobb water absorption after surface sizing, measured according to ISO 535, is typically controlled by the starch component rather than by the PVOH addition; the contribution of GM-14 is mainly to film continuity and surface strength. During size-press run, the solution temperature is maintained at 50–60°C to avoid viscosity buildup; below 40°C, partially hydrolyzed PVOH can form weak gel networks with starch and reduce penetration into the sheet.
Storage of GOHSENOL GM-14 at relative humidity above 60% increases moisture content; when volatile content exceeds 5.0%, batch-to-batch viscosity can shift toward the lower limit of 20.5 mPa·s due to weight errors in solids calculation. For critical adhesives or emulsion polymerization, the material should be kept sealed and, when necessary, dried in a dehumidified hopper dryer at ≤ 50°C before use. Aqueous solutions are vulnerable to borate-induced gelation because 1,2-diol sites in the PVOH chain form reversible complexes with borate ions; if tackification or gelling is desired, borax addition should be evaluated at 0.1–0.5 dry wt% to avoid precipitation. The grade is also incompatible with strong oxidizing agents and with some aluminum salts that cause rapid coagulation.
The powder should not be subjected to prolonged mechanical shear in a high-speed disperser above 1,500 rpm for more than 30 min, because shear-induced chain scission lowers solution viscosity and protective-colloid performance. In an industrial setting, the use of a positive-displacement gear pump to transfer 10% solutions at 50°C can create a pressure drop that is lower than that of GH-17 but higher than that of GL-05 at the same flow rate; pump sizing must account for the shear-thinning behavior of PVOH solutions under pipe flow conditions. Published data for this specific configuration is limited.
Compared with GOHSENOL GH-17, GM-14 delivers lower solution viscosity at the same degree of hydrolysis. In a 10% solids solution at 25°C, the Brookfield viscosity of GM-14 is lower than that of GH-17; this reduces mixer motor load and improves penetration into porous substrates but also lowers the cohesive strength of the dried adhesive film. When GM-14 replaces GH-17 in a paper converting adhesive, wet tack can decrease unless solids are raised by 1–2 wt% or a secondary thickener is added. Conversely, compared with GL-05, the 20.5–24.5 mPa·s viscosity of GM-14 provides higher film tensile strength and better binding capacity in paper coating.
Against a fully hydrolyzed PVOH of similar solution viscosity, the 86.5–89.0 mol% hydrolysis of GM-14 improves cold-water dispersion and lowers the dissolution temperature, but the dried film exhibits lower resistance to cold water. Tensile properties of films cast at 23°C and 50% relative humidity, when measured according to ISO 527-3, show lower stiffness and higher elongation for partially hydrolyzed grades than for fully hydrolyzed grades of the same viscosity class. These differences must be evaluated through coated-paper or adhesive application testing rather than inferred from viscosity alone.
End-use compliance for GOHSENOL GM-14 is application-specific. The grade is not a direct food additive; use in food-contact adhesives or paper coatings must be verified against 21 CFR 175.105 and 21 CFR 176.170, or regional legislation such as Commission Regulation (EU) No 10/2011 where applicable. Industrial hygiene controls should limit dust generation during bag unloading; a dust extraction system with 0.5 m/s capture velocity at the transfer point is used in compounding plants. The material should not be mixed with strong oxidizers in dry form because combustible dust hazards apply to finely divided PVOH powders.
