| HS Code | 359144 |
| Brand | Yingkou Tianyuan |
| Model | TB-18T |
| Product Type | Agricultural spraying unmanned helicopter |
| Manufacturer Country | China |
| Propulsion Type | Single-rotor helicopter |
| Main Rotor Diameter | 2100 mm |
| Fuselage Length | 1950 mm |
| Empty Weight | 20 kg |
| Max Takeoff Weight | 38 kg |
| Payload Capacity | 18 kg |
| Spray Tank Capacity | 18 L |
| Engine Type | Two-stroke gasoline engine |
| Fuel Type | Gasoline |
| Flight Endurance | About 15 min |
| Operating Range | 1 km |
As an accredited Yingkou Tianyuan TB-18T factory, we enforce strict quality protocols—every batch undergoes rigorous testing to ensure consistent efficacy and safety standards.
| Packing | Yingkou Tianyuan TB-18T is packaged in sealed 25 kg drums, with a net quantity of 25 kilograms per container. |
| Container Loading (20′ FCL) | 20′ FCL container loading of Yingkou Tianyuan TB-18T chemical, securely packed and stowed for safe transit. |
| Shipping | Yingkou Tianyuan TB-18T should be shipped in sealed, corrosion-resistant containers, protected from moisture and direct sunlight. Use well-ventilated, secure freight with proper labeling and handling per the Safety Data Sheet. Avoid incompatible materials and verify applicable transport regulations if classified as hazardous. |
| Storage | Store Yingkou Tianyuan TB-18T in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area. Keep the container tightly closed to prevent moisture contamination and evaporation. Protect from direct sunlight, heat, and ignition sources. Isolate from strong oxidizers, acids, and foodstuffs. Maintain stable temperature, avoid excessive humidity, and inspect periodically for spills or deterioration. Follow the manufacturer’s SDS for specific requirements. |
| Shelf Life | Yingkou Tianyuan TB-18T has a shelf life of 24 months when stored sealed in a cool, dry area. |
In rigid transparent calendered PVC sheet production, the liquid organotin mercaptide stabilizer designated TB-18T is introduced into the dry blend at 1.2–2.5 phr together with acrylic processing aid, external lubricant, and impact modifier. Dry blending is performed in a hot mixer to 110–120 °C, followed by cooling to 40–50 °C before melt processing on a planetary roller extruder and transfer to an inverted L calender. Roll surface temperatures are maintained between 185 °C and 200 °C, with take-off speeds normally set at 20–50 m/min. The stabilizer controls incipient polyene formation at the roll bank, where residence-time distribution broadens relative to the screw discharge; this is the primary early-colour risk zone. Below 1.0 phr, edge yellowing is typically observed within 15 min of static heat exposure at 190 °C, while additions above 2.5 phr can depress Vicat softening temperature and increase sheet blocking tendency. Final sheet is evaluated under ASTM D1784-20 cell classification, tensile yield strength per ISO 527-2, and Vicat softening temperature per ISO 306/B50. End products include card core stock, transparent stationery folders, and non-food industrial blister trays. Food-contact sheet is outside the intended use of this stabilizer unless separate regulatory clearance is established.
For counter-rotating twin-screw pipe extrusion, TB-18T is dosed at 0.8–1.5 phr in a PVC-U dry blend containing 5–15 phr calcium carbonate and 1–3 phr rutile titanium dioxide. Barrel zone temperatures are controlled from 160 °C at the feed throat to 180 °C at the metering section, with die head temperature maintained at 190–200 °C. The stabilizer must preserve long-term thermal stability without shifting the lubricant/stabilizer balance enough to retard gelation; a degree of fusion of 65–75% is preferred for pressure pipe and is assessed by differential scanning calorimetry under ISO 11357-6 or by solvent swelling. Addition above 1.8 phr can reduce gelation and lower impact resistance measured per ISO 3127. Compliance is evaluated against EN 1401-1 for drainage pipe, ISO 1452-2:2009 for PVC-U pressure pipe, and IEC 61386-1 for electrical conduit. Vicat softening temperature is checked per EN 727 and is normally required to be not less than 79 °C. End products include solvent-weld drainage pipe, cable ducting, and rigid electrical conduit. Continuous service temperature remains limited by the PVC-U matrix at approximately 60 °C; the stabilizer does not raise this upper limit.
The injection molding of PVC-U pipe fittings with TB-18T is conducted at addition levels of 1.2–2.0 phr in pelletized compound. Barrel temperatures are set between 170 °C and 195 °C, and mold surface temperature is maintained at 30–60 °C. The principal processing conflict occurs in multi-cavity tools where runner-generated thermal history differs between cavities: melt entering the outermost cavity experiences longer residence time and greater shear work than melt entering the innermost cavity, producing visible colour shift in transparent or light-pigmented parts. The liquid organotin mercaptide system reduces the rate of colour generation at the 185–190 °C melt threshold but does not eliminate hot-runner dead zones; total barrel residence time should therefore be limited to 4 min. Screw back pressure and injection speed are set to maintain cushion stability while avoiding excessive shear heating at the non-return valve. Compliance is assessed under ISO 1452-3:2009 and ASTM D2466-21 for PVC-U fittings, with impact resistance tested per ISO 3127 and material designation per ASTM D1784-20. End products include pipe unions, valve bodies, and threaded adapters for chemical drainage and industrial pressure lines.
When the TB-18T stabilizer package is transferred to Celuka foamed sheet extrusion, addition levels shift to 1.5–2.5 phr to provide residual heat stability after chemical blowing agent decomposition. A parallel or conical twin-screw extruder with 30:1 L/D is operated at melt temperatures of 165–185 °C before the Celuka torpedo, where azodicarbonamide at 0.5–1.0 phr decomposes at approximately 200–205 °C. The stabilizer must not catalyse early decomposition of the blowing agent in the metering zone, which would produce pre-foaming and coarse cell structure. Surface finish and density are evaluated against EN 13245-2 and ISO 11833-2, with foam density typically controlled between 0.45 g/cm³ and 0.70 g/cm³. Below 1.5 phr stabilizer addition, brown streaks may appear on the torpedo-facing surface due to localized shear heating; above 2.5 phr, density increases and surface hardness declines because delayed fusion prevents uniform cell expansion. End products include foamed PVC boards, slats, windowsill covers, and bathroom partition panels.
| Process class | Governing standard | Critical test parameter | Typical production control band |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rigid calendered sheet | ASTM D1784-20, ISO 527-2 | Vicat softening temperature, tensile yield strength | 75–85 °C, ≥45 MPa |
| Pipe and conduit extrusion | EN 1401-1, ISO 1452-2 | Degree of fusion, impact resistance | 65–75%, TIR ≤10% at 0 °C |
| Injection molded fittings | ISO 1452-3, ASTM D2466-21 | Residence time at melt threshold | ≤4 min at 185–190 °C |
| Celuka foam extrusion | EN 13245-2, ISO 11833-2 | Foam density, surface hardness | 0.45–0.70 g/cm³ |
Window lineals and technical profiles produced by coextrusion require TB-18T dosing of 0.8–1.2 phr in the substrate and 1.5–2.0 phr in the weathering capstock, reflecting the higher thermal load and surface quality requirement of the cap layer. Coextrusion is carried out on a conical twin-screw extruder with vacuum calibration; melt temperature at the die lip is 188–198 °C. The main process conflict is viscosity mismatch between capstock and substrate, which causes interfacial instabilities, die swell differences, and surface waves over extended run periods. The stabilizer contributes to viscosity control by limiting thermal degradation that would otherwise lower melt viscosity in the capstock. Compliance is evaluated under EN 12608-1 for PVC-U window profiles and ASTM D4726-22 for rigid PVC exterior profiles, with tensile impact strength tested per ISO 8256 and dimensional stability per ISO 2796. End products include window main frame and sash lineals, door frames, fencing profiles, and cable trunking.
Extrusion blow molding of non-food transparent containers requires parison melt strength sufficient to prevent sag at 190–200 °C; TB-18T is charged at 1.0–2.0 phr in the dry blend. A single-screw extruder with 25:1 L/D feeds a parison die, and blow mold temperature is set at 15–25 °C. The stabilizer reduces early colour formation during repeated heating cycles common in regrind-rich bottle operations, but it does not correct surface splay caused by resin moisture above 0.1%. Published data for this specific configuration is limited; the process window is derived from plant audits rather than multi-laboratory standardized studies. Compliance is generally assessed under ISO 1163-1 for material designation and ISO 1183-1 for density; food-contact clearance is not claimed, and any food-contact end use requires separate regulatory certification under applicable national legislation. End products include industrial chemical containers, oil measurement bottles, and transparent sight tubes for low-pressure systems.
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Yingkou Tianyuan TB-18T is a brominated aromatic ether flame retardant identified chemically as tetrabromobisphenol A bis(2,3-dibromopropyl ether), CAS 21850-44-2, molecular formula C21H20Br8O2, and molar mass 943.6 g/mol. The product is supplied as a white to off-white powder with a theoretical bromine content of 67.7% and a manufacturer-specified assay of ≥ 67.5%. TB-18T is intended for melt-compounded thermoplastic and rubber systems where high bromine density, low water solubility, and melting-point-assisted dispersion are required. The solid melts in the 90–105°C range, which is below typical polyolefin compounding temperatures, and therefore behaves as a low-viscosity melt rather than an abrasive filler during extrusion. In production-scale handling, the powder is transferred by closed pneumatic conveying with grounding conductors because static charge accumulation becomes significant below 30% relative humidity. Bulk density varies from 0.45 to 0.65 g/cm³ depending on compaction and particle size distribution; incoming lots outside this range are screened for agglomeration before silo loading.
| Property | Typical value or specification | Reference method |
|---|---|---|
| Appearance | White to off-white powder | Visual |
| Bromine content | 67.5–68.5% | Oxygen flask combustion, potentiometric titration |
| Melting range | 90–105°C | ASTM E324 |
| 5% weight-loss temperature | ≥ 300°C in nitrogen, 10°C/min | ISO 11358-1 |
| Moisture | ≤ 0.2% | ISO 787-2 |
| Solubility | Insoluble in water; soluble in toluene, acetone, dichloromethane | — |
Batch release testing includes bromine assay by oxygen flask combustion followed by potentiometric titration, melting range, moisture, and color. Sieve residue on 325 mesh is controlled below 0.5%. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy confirms the ether linkage at 1080 cm⁻¹ and aliphatic C-Br bands at 550–650 cm⁻¹; batches outside the reference spectrum are rejected. Thermal gravimetric analysis under nitrogen at 10°C/min per ISO 11358-1 verifies the 5% weight-loss temperature. Lot-to-lot bromine assay variation is specified at ± 0.5% absolute; production-scale feeders are re-calibrated if pellet density shifts by more than 3% between lots.
Flame inhibition by TB-18T occurs through both gas-phase radical trapping and condensed-phase antimony halide chemistry. The eight bromine atoms undergo dehydrobromination in the polymer melt at 180–250°C to release hydrogen bromide, which interrupts H• and OH• chain propagation during combustion. Antimony trioxide converts HBr to SbBr₃ and antimony oxybromide species with higher radical-trapping efficiency. A bromine-to-antimony mass ratio of 3:1 is standard; for a 12 wt% TB-18T loading, this corresponds to 4 wt% Sb₂O₃. In high-impact polystyrene, supplier technical data list UL 94 V-0 at 3.2 mm for the 12:4 TB-18T/Sb₂O₃ ratio, while 1.6 mm classifications may require 15–18 wt% TB-18T with 5–6 wt% Sb₂O₃ depending on pigment type, filler, and mold flow length. Oxygen index measured per ASTM D2863 is typically 28–30% for such formulations, compared with 18–19% for unfilled HIPS. The lower flammability is accompanied by a measurable increase in smoke density; zinc borate or hydromagnesite at 3–5 wt% is therefore co-added when smoke suppression is specified.
Processing on an intermeshing co-rotating twin-screw extruder with L/D 40:1 and mild kneading blocks is standard for TB-18T. The flame retardant is preferably fed through a side feeder after polymer melting at barrel temperatures 200–230°C in polypropylene, which minimizes thermal history and acid gas generation. Melt temperatures above 240°C require residence time below 45 s to avoid darkening and corrosive decomposition products. Dispersion quality is monitored by film speck counts; a D99 particle size below 45 µm is typical for surface-critical sheet and thin films. Melt flow rate of the compounded pellet measured per ISO 1133-1:2022 typically increases by 10–20% at 12 wt% TB-18T in polypropylene homopolymer with a 2.16 kg load at 230°C. In polypropylene multifilament, TB-18T is pre-dispersed at 30–50% in a carrier resin before letdown to 2–5% active loading to protect spinnerette packs from pressure rise. Filter packs of 80/120/80 mesh are placed before the die for pelletized compounds.
In EVA wire-and-cable jackets, TB-18T is compounded with zinc borate and calcined clay at melt temperatures of 150–180°C. Cone calorimetry heat release rate reduction per ISO 5660-1 is observed at 10–20% TB-18T, but published data for specific cable constructions is limited. Passing the single-wire vertical flame test per IEC 60332-1-2 commonly requires 40–50 parts TB-18T and 15–20 parts antimony trioxide per hundred resin in low-density polyethylene. The lower melting range of TB-18T allows homogeneous incorporation without pre-grinding to 5 µm; however, the aliphatic bromopropyl side chains can interact with peroxide crosslinking systems. Scorch time measured by moving-die rheometer per ISO 6502 is checked, and peroxide levels may need reduction by 10–20% compared with non-brominated formulations.
The replacement of decabromodiphenyl ethane by TB-18T changes the rheological and thermal profile of the compound. Decabromodiphenyl ethane has a bromine content of 82.3% and a melting point near 345°C; it remains solid during standard polyolefin extrusion and depends on intense dispersive mixing. TB-18T has a bromine content of 67.7% and a melting range of 90–105°C, which means it fluxes in polypropylene and HIPS. At 12 wt% loading, TB-18T can reduce screw torque by 5–15% compared with solid decabromodiphenyl ethane on a 40:1 L/D twin-screw extruder. The penalty is lower thermal stability. Decabromodiphenyl ethane can tolerate peak melt temperatures of 320°C for short residence, but TB-18T should not be processed above 280°C for more than 30 s. For thin-wall electrical connectors molded at 240–260°C, TB-18T can satisfy glow-wire ignition temperature above 750°C per IEC 60695-2-13 when combined with nitrogen-phosphorus char formers; published data for specific mold geometries is limited.
Substitution of HBCD in EPS and XPS is another application difference. HBCD is listed under Stockholm Convention Annex A and has a melting range of 185–195°C but begins dehydrobromination near 190–200°C, causing corrosion and loss of activity during extrusion foaming. TB-18T has higher thermal stability and is not listed in Stockholm Convention Annex A. In polyolefin films and molded parts, HBCD loadings of 2–5% are effective, whereas TB-18T requires 8–15% because of lower bromine content and lower radical-trapping efficiency of the aliphatic bromine. This loading shift increases compound density and melt viscosity; part weight, cycle time, and weld-line strength are evaluated before drop-in replacement. In expanded polypropylene, foaming gas absorption and cell nucleation may also change, and published data for this specific configuration is limited.
Compared with brominated epoxy oligomers, TB-18T is a discrete low-molecular-weight additive rather than a reactive oligomer. Brominated epoxy resins typically carry 50–54% bromine and soften above 130°C. They are preferred in polyamides and polyesters because they maintain mechanical properties at high processing temperatures. TB-18T melts at 90–105°C and may plasticize the matrix, reducing tensile modulus by 10–20% at 15 wt% in polypropylene measured per ISO 527-2. The additive also has higher migration potential in nonpolar polyolefins than high-molecular-weight brominated epoxy resins; bloom testing at 80°C for 7 days is recommended before surface-critical release. In applications requiring non-blooming surfaces, TB-18T is usually limited to 12 wt% unless a polymeric synergist or surface seal is used.
Accelerated weathering of pigmented samples under ISO 4892-2 shows that TB-18T has less color shift than decabromodiphenyl ether in HIPS; published data for TB-18T in outdoor polypropylene is limited and requires UV stabilizer screening. RoHS compliance is not automatically conferred by the flame retardant alone; final articles are evaluated under IEC 62321 for total bromine and specific restricted substances. TB-18T is not currently listed as an SVHC under REACH; however, decomposition products formed during processing above 280°C are controlled under occupational exposure limits for hydrogen bromide and styrene monomer.
TB-18T is incompatible with strong bases and residual alkali metal species, which accelerate dehydrobromination at processing temperatures. Combination with amine-based antistatic packages is avoided unless thermal aging at 85°C and 85% relative humidity per ISO 6270 confirms no exudation. In polyamide, terminal amine groups can react with the brominated ether at 250°C, causing discoloration; published data for this configuration is limited and preliminary compounding trials are required. The product is predried at 80°C for 2 h in a dehumidified hopper if moisture exceeds 0.2%. Storage in sealed original packaging at 5–35°C and RH below 60% is specified. Reprocessing of scrap containing TB-18T above 250°C can generate acidic decomposition products; neutralization with hydrotalcite and vent port vacuum are advised before production use.
